Chapter 19 - Blood Vessels Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
blood vessels
A
long tubes that transport blood to/from the heart
2
Q
arteries
A
carry blood away from the heart
3
Q
veins
A
carry blood to the heart
4
Q
capillaries
A
connect small, arterial arteries to small venule veins
5
Q
in what type of vessel does gas and nutrient exchange occur
A
capillaries
6
Q
common circulatory route
A
heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins
7
Q
layers of vessel walls are called
A
tunics
8
Q
tunica interna/intima
A
lines blood vessel lumen
9
Q
tunica intima is made of
A
simple squamous epithelium
10
Q
function of tunica intima
A
secretes chemicals to stimulate dilation/constriction into the tunica media
11
Q
tunica media
A
middle, muscular layer of a vessel
12
Q
tunica media is made of
A
smooth muscle, collagen, elastic tissue,
13
Q
function of the tunica media
A
contracts and relaxes to change vessel diameter, provide strength and prevent rupture
14
Q
tunica externa
A
outermost layer of vessels
15
Q
tunica externa is made of
A
loose connective tissue
16
Q
tunica externa function
A
anchor the vessel and merge with other structures
17
Q
arteries are ___ walled, veins are ___ walled
A
thick, thin
18
Q
arteries are thought of as ____ vessels, veins are thought of as ___ vessels
A
resistance vessels, capacitance vessels
19
Q
what does it mean for arteries to be resistance vessels
A
resultant, rigid structure that resists damage by BP change
20
Q
what does it mean for veins to be capacitance vessels
A
expand easy
21
Q
what percentage of blood is held in veins
A
64%
22
Q
other names for large arteries
A
conducting, elastic
23
Q
large arteries can be found
A
aorta, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac, pulmonary trunk
24
Q
large arteries compostion
A
two elastic lamanae
25
internal elastic lamina is between
tunica intima and media
26
external elastic lamina is betwen
tunica media and externa
27
when do large arteries expand and recoil
expand in systole, recoil in diastole
28
function of large arteries
keep blood flowing, blood pressure constant
29
medium arteries are also called
distributing, muscular
30
medium artery functions
distribute blood to specific organs
31
examples of medium arteries
brachial, femoral, renal, splenic
32
the tunica media of medium arteries make up how much of the vessel wall
3/4
33
small arteries are also called
resistance arteries
34
small artery composition
thick tunica media, little tunica externa
35
most common example of small arteries
arterioles
36
arteriole
small artery that leads to capillaries and controls the amount of blood in a capillary bed
37
arteriole composition
20mm diameter, thin layer of smooth muscle
38
metarterioles
short vessels that link arterioles to venules and allow blood to bypass capillary beds
39
metarterioles are thought of us
thoroughfare channels
40
capillary composition
made of endothelium and basal lamina, no tunica media or externa, microscopic
41
capillaries are everywhere but
tendons, ligaments, epithelial, cornea and lens of eye
42
continuous capillary
endothelial cells joined by tight junctions with small intercellular clefts
43
continuous capillary function
allow passage of solutes, most common, least permeable
44
pericyte
contractile cell that wraps around continuous capillaries to restrict blood flow
45
fenestrated capillary
a thin endothelial layer with holes to allow small molecules to pass through quickly
46
where are fenestrated capillaries commonly found
kidneys, small intestine
47
sinusoid capillaries
an irregular endothelium with many fenestrations to allow proteins and blood cells to pass through
48
sinusoid capillaries are commonly found
in liver, bone marrow, and the spleen
49
postcapillary venules compositon
tunica intima and fibroblasts
50
postcapillary venule function
where leukocytes exit the blood stream
51
muscular vein composition
all three layers of tunics
thick tunica externa
1-2 layers of tunica media
52
muscular vein function
receive blood from postcapillary venules
53
medium vein composition
all three layers
tunica intima forms venous valves
54
medium vein function
venous valves prevent blood from pooling in lower extremities
55
large vein composition
thin tunica media, thick tunica externa
56
venous sinus composition
thin walls, large lumens, no smooth muscles
57
venous sinus function
hold lots of blood, cannot vasoconstrict
58
capillary exchange
two way movement of fluid and solutes across the capillary walls
59
where is the only place blood and other tissues exchanged
capillaries
60
routes of passage for capillary exchange
endothelial cell cytoplasm, intercellular clefts, filtration pores or fenestrations
61
diffusion
movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration
62
capillary diffusion
glucose and O2 out and co2 and waste out of cells
63
permeable solutes in diffusion
lipid soluble molecules and gases
64
solute passages in diffusion
fenestrations, intercellular clefts
65
solute passages allow the passage of
glucose and ions
66
transcytosis
vesicle mediated transport of materials across the endothelium
67
steps of transcytosis
vesicles form around material entering cell
vesicle moves across the cell
material released on the other side through exocytosis
68
transcytosis makes up what percentage of capillary exchange
small
69
transcytosis transports what materials
fatty acids, albumin, hormones like insulin
70
filtration
fluid exiting the capillary into surrounding tissue
71
filtration location
arterial end of capillary
72
reabsorption
fluid entering the capillary from surrounding tissue
73
reabsorption location
venous end of capillary
74
hydrostatic pressure
physical force exerted against a surface by a liquid
75
blood hydrostatic pressure
bp in a vessel pushes fluid out of a capillary
76
blood hydrostatic pressure in a capillary
high on arterial end, low on venous end
77
interstitial hydrostatic pressure
force exerted by fluids outside the capillary push fluids into cells and draw fluids out of the capillary
78
interstitial hydrostatic pressure in a capillary
consistent on both capillary ends
79
colloid osmotic pressure is the force that causes
osmosis
80
blood colloid osmotic pressure
osmosis into capillaries
81
tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure
osmosis out of capillaries
82
only capillary pressure that changes from end to end
blood hydrostatic presssure
83
only capillary pressure that causes reabsorption
blood colloid osmotic pressure
84
colloid osmotic pressure is cause by
concentration of proteins and albumin
85
colloid osmotic pressure levels
consistent at both ends
86
oncotic pressure
net colloid osmotic pressure (blood-tissue cop)
87
does filtration equal reabsorption
no
88
how much of fluid filtered out is reabsorbed
85%
89
how much of fluid filtered out is absorbed into the lymphatic system
15%
90
net filtration/reabsorption pressure
sum of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure
91
what must be specified in net capillary pressure calculation
if fluid movement is in or out
92
net fluid in means
reabsorption
93
net fluid out means
filtration
94
hydrostatic pressure favors on the arterial end
filtration
95
COP favors on the arterial end
reabsorption
96
is net filtration or reabsorption larger on the arterial end
filtration because blood hydrostatic pressure is higher
97
hydrostatic pressure favors on the venous end
filtration
98
COP favors on the venous end
reabsorption
99
is net filtration or reabsorption higher on the venous end
reabsorption
100
edema
pooling of liquid in body tissue
101
edema occurs
when filtration is greater than reabsorption
102
edema is often caused by
heart failure of the ventricles
103
edema symptoms
swelling, disfunction of affected tissue
104
hemodynamics
physical principles of blood flow based on pressure and resistance
105
blood flow
amount of blood flowing through an organ tissue, or vessel in a given time
106
blood flow is measured in
mL/min
107
blood flow is proportional to
difference in pressure divided by resistance
108
blood pressure
force blood exerts against a vessel wall
109
measurement of blood pressure determines
pressure of the brachial artery
110
systolic pressure
peak BP taken in ventricular systole
111
diastolic pressure
minimum BP in ventricular diastole
112
healthy blood pressure
120/80 mm/Hg
113
pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
114
pulse pressure measures the stress on
small arteries
115
mean arterial Pressure
average blood pressure at one time
116
mean arterial pressure calculation
diastolic pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure
117
blood pressure in arteries changes/is steady
changes
118
blood pressure in veins and capillaries changes/is steady
steady
119
cardiac output
amount of blood expelled by each ventricle per minute
120
a higher cardiac output is equated to
a higher blood pressure
121
blood volume
amount of blood in the body
122
a high blood volume is equated to
a high blood pressure
123
blood volume is regulated by
the kidney
124
resistance to flow
forces that prevent blood from flowing
125
resistors to flow are in the heart or peripheral
peripheral
126
a higher resistance is equated to
higher Blood Pressure
127
blood viscocity
thickness of blood
128
high viscosity means
thicker blood, more resistance
129
blood viscosity is impacted by
RBC count and albumin
130
polycythemia
high RBC, very viscous blood
131
anemia
fewer RBC, less viscous blood
132
high albumin means
more viscous blood
133
hypoproteinemia
low albumin levels
134
longer the blood vessel means what for resistance
more resistance
135
the farther blood travels from the heart, more/less friction is encountered
more
136
larger vessel radius means
less resistance
137
laminar flow
normal blood flow through vessels
138
the faster blood flow is toward the center or periphery of the vessel
center
139
vasomotion
quick and powerful alteration of blood pressure and flow
140
vasoconstriction
contraction of the tunica media
141
vasoconstriction effect on radius and blood flow
reduction
142
vasoconstriction effect on blood pressure
increases
143
vasodilation
relaxation of tunica media
144
vasodilation effect on vessel radius and blood flow
increases
145
vasodilation effect on blood pressure
reduction
146
vasomotion purposes
control blood pressure, route blood from region to region
147
vasomotion effect on blood pressure
prevents cerebral perfusion
148
blood flow increases/decreases in areas of no vasoconstriction
increases
