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Physiology Final > Chapter 17: Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Metabolism Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is the average Kcal per Liter of O2 consumed ?

A

4.825

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2
Q

What is the equation for the mass balance of energy ?

A

energy stored + energy in - energy out

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3
Q

What does Ghrelin do ?

A

increases feelings of hunger
- produced in the stomach

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4
Q

What is your BMR ?

A

(basal metabolic rate) lowest amount of energy required to keep your body alive

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5
Q

What is your MR ?

A

(metabolic rate) total energy expenditure of the body regardless of the conditions
- BMR + any activity

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6
Q

What can influence your BMR ?

A
  • age: the older you are=the lower your BMR, you can eat more at a younger age because you’re building functional tissue
  • sex: more lean muscle mass=higher BMR, males have more testosterone and more lean muscle mass
  • hormones: excessive hormones=higher BMR, if you have a condition where you have more of a hormone like hyperthyroidism then your BMR is higher
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7
Q

-What can influence your MR ?

A
  • muscle activity: using more skeletal muscles= higher MR (skeletal muscle uses a lot of energy so your total energy expenditure rises)
  • food/diet induced thermogenesis: more food processed by liver=higher MR (if you eat more than your digestive system uses more energy increasing the total energy expenditure)
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8
Q

What is the equation to calculate BMI ?

A
  • weight (kg)/height^2 (m)
  • weight (lb) x 703/ height^2 (in)
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9
Q

What is the BMI ratio for being overweight ?

A

BMI>25

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10
Q

What is the BMI ratio for being obese ?

A

BMI>30

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11
Q

What does direct calorimetry measure ?

A

heat production

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12
Q

What does indirect calorimetry measure ?

A

metabolism

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13
Q

What is the Fed-State describe ?

A
  • absorptive state
  • your GI tract is full and its absorbing the nutrients
  • nutrients are being used or stored
  • increased glucose concentrations
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14
Q

What does the Fasted-State describe ?

A
  • post absorptive state
  • nutrients are being pulled from storage and added to the pool
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15
Q

What is the LDL cholesterol carrier ?

A

Low Density Lipoproteins
- “bad cholesterol” that stays in your bloodstream longer
- <100 mg/dL is optimal

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16
Q

What is the HDL cholesterol carrier ?

A

High Density Lipoproteins
- “good cholesterol” that gets out of your bloodstream
- carries the cholesterol to the liver so it can dump it into the bile and to other glands that produce steriods

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17
Q

In what nutrient state is insulin released ?

A

fed/absorptive state

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18
Q

In what nutrient state is glucagon released ?

A

fasted/postabsorptive state

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19
Q

How does insulin respond to sympathetic system activity (activation and action) ?

A

activation: stress
action: inhibits release of insulin

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20
Q

How does insulin respond to parasympathetic system activity (activation and action) ?

A

activation: feedforward in response to eating
action: stimulates release of insulin

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21
Q

What is the homeostatic purpose of insulin ?

A

to prevent hyperglycemia
(>120 md/dL)

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22
Q

What is the homeostatic purpose of glucagon ?

A

to prevent hypoglycemia
(<60 mg/dL)

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23
Q

Are GLUT4 transports insulin dependent or independent ?

A

dependent

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24
Q

Are GLUT2 transports insulin dependent or independent ?

A

independent

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25
What is the purpose of cortisol at normal and stress levels for your blood nutrient levels ?
normal levels: permissive hormone for glucagon function - allows liver, and adipose tissue to function during the fasted-state - maintains normal enzyme levels stress levels: - reduces sensitivity to insulin
26
What is the purpose of growth hormone at normal and stress levels for blood glucose nutrient levels ?
normal levels: protein production and growth stress levels: anti-insulin effects
27
What is the purpose of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP) for blood nutrient levels ?
stimulated to release when there is food in your duodenum which will cause your pancreas to start secreting insulin early
28
What happens in Diabetes Mellitus ?
- no insulin (GLUT4) or no functional insulin receptors - glucosuria (glucose in urine) - osmotic diuresis - polydipsia - polyphagia
29
What happens in Diabetes Insipidus ?
- lack of vasopressin or no functional vasopressin (ADH) receptors - water diuresis
30
What is polydipsia ?
excessive thirst
31
What is polyphagia ?
excessive hunger - you have no insulin to signal to your satiety center to know that you're full
32
What is primary hypothermia ?
exposure to cold air to water
33
What is secondary hypothermia ?
improper functioning of thermo-regulating system - problem with your body
34
What does the hypothalamus have to do with body temperature ?
regulates body temperature
35
What is endogenous pyrogen ?
(interleuken-1) induces fever by telling your hypothalamus to raise your thermal set point and helps maintain a high core temp
36
What is endogenous cryogen ?
prevents excessive fever and resets your thermal set point
37
What are the nutrient conversions that would release nutrients in the plasma ?
- gluconeogenesis - glycogenolysis - lipolysis
38
What is the glucostatic theory ?
explains the concentration of blood glucose in our bloodstream - Less blood glucose will stimulate the feeding center and inhibit satiety - More blood glucose will inhibit the feeding center and stimulate satiety
39
What is the lipostatic theory ?
how much adipose tissue we have and what our lipid stores are
40
What is type I diabetes ?
- can't make insulin - insulin-dependent - usually genetic
41
What is type II diabetes ?
- can make insulin but doesn't respond effectively - usually get through diet - insulin-independent
42
What are Kcalories (Kcal) ?
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius - I Kcal= 1,000 calories (c)
43
What is the equation for your metabolic rate ?
L O2 consumed/day x 4.825 Kcal/ L O2
44
What does Glycogenesis do ?
makes glycogen - takes glucose out of the pool and puts it into the glycogen storage
45
What does Glycogenolysis do ?
breaks down glycogen - takes glycogen from storage, splits it up, and puts it back into the glucose pool for body to use
46
What does Gluconeogenesis do ?
makes glucose - takes a non-carbohydrate out of it's pool and makes glucose by adding it back into the pool
47
Where is the only places you can do Gluconeogenesis ?
the liver and kidneys
48
Can you perform Gluconeogenesis anywhere ?
no - only in the liver and kidneys
49
What does Lipogenesis do ?
makes lipids (fats) - takes free fatty acids out of the pool and puts it into the fat storage
50
What does Lipolysis do ?
breaks down fats - takes the fats out of storage, splits it up, and puts it back into the free fatty acid pool
51
What are the Liver ketones for ?
our nervous system can't use fats as a source of energy so the liver has to turn the fatty acids into ketones that the nervous system can use
52
Can all cells in the body use fats for energy ?
no, the NS can't - the brain for example can't
53
What does Protein Synthesis do ?
makes proteins - takes amino acids out of the pool and makes body proteins
54
What does -lysis imply ?
"breaking down" - catabolism - takes out of storage and makes available for use
55
What does -esis imply ?
"building up" - anabolism - takes out of the pool and puts into storage
56
What are the uses for Glucose ?
ATP production, synthesis of fats
57
What are the uses of Adipose tissue (fatty acids) ?
ATP production, synthesis of lipoproteins (LDL and HDL cholesterol carriers), and synthesis of steriods
58
What are the uses of amino acids ?
- mostly protein synthesis for structural, clotting factors, or enzymes - hormones - neurotransmitters
59
What are our 2 sources of cholesterol ?
- dietary cholesterol: aminal fats, saturated fats, and trans-fatty acids - cholesterol synthesis: GI tract and liver
60
What is the issue of creating ketones for the nervous system to use ?
can cause ketosis and ketoacidosis
61
What GLUT transporter do we need for insulin to work ?
GLUT4

Physiology Final (5 decks)

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