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Physiology Final > Chapter 17: Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average Kcal per Liter of O2 consumed ?

A

4.825

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2
Q

What is the equation for the mass balance of energy ?

A

energy stored + energy in - energy out

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3
Q

What does Ghrelin do ?

A

increases feelings of hunger
- produced in the stomach

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4
Q

What is your BMR ?

A

(basal metabolic rate) lowest amount of energy required to keep your body alive

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5
Q

What is your MR ?

A

(metabolic rate) total energy expenditure of the body regardless of the conditions
- BMR + any activity

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6
Q

What can influence your BMR ?

A
  • age: the older you are=the lower your BMR, you can eat more at a younger age because you’re building functional tissue
  • sex: more lean muscle mass=higher BMR, males have more testosterone and more lean muscle mass
  • hormones: excessive hormones=higher BMR, if you have a condition where you have more of a hormone like hyperthyroidism then your BMR is higher
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7
Q

-What can influence your MR ?

A
  • muscle activity: using more skeletal muscles= higher MR (skeletal muscle uses a lot of energy so your total energy expenditure rises)
  • food/diet induced thermogenesis: more food processed by liver=higher MR (if you eat more than your digestive system uses more energy increasing the total energy expenditure)
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8
Q

What is the equation to calculate BMI ?

A
  • weight (kg)/height^2 (m)
  • weight (lb) x 703/ height^2 (in)
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9
Q

What is the BMI ratio for being overweight ?

A

BMI>25

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10
Q

What is the BMI ratio for being obese ?

A

BMI>30

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11
Q

What does direct calorimetry measure ?

A

heat production

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12
Q

What does indirect calorimetry measure ?

A

metabolism

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13
Q

What is the Fed-State describe ?

A
  • absorptive state
  • your GI tract is full and its absorbing the nutrients
  • nutrients are being used or stored
  • increased glucose concentrations
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14
Q

What does the Fasted-State describe ?

A
  • post absorptive state
  • nutrients are being pulled from storage and added to the pool
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15
Q

What is the LDL cholesterol carrier ?

A

Low Density Lipoproteins
- “bad cholesterol” that stays in your bloodstream longer
- <100 mg/dL is optimal

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16
Q

What is the HDL cholesterol carrier ?

A

High Density Lipoproteins
- “good cholesterol” that gets out of your bloodstream
- carries the cholesterol to the liver so it can dump it into the bile and to other glands that produce steriods

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17
Q

In what nutrient state is insulin released ?

A

fed/absorptive state

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18
Q

In what nutrient state is glucagon released ?

A

fasted/postabsorptive state

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19
Q

How does insulin respond to sympathetic system activity (activation and action) ?

A

activation: stress
action: inhibits release of insulin

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20
Q

How does insulin respond to parasympathetic system activity (activation and action) ?

A

activation: feedforward in response to eating
action: stimulates release of insulin

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21
Q

What is the homeostatic purpose of insulin ?

A

to prevent hyperglycemia
(>120 md/dL)

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22
Q

What is the homeostatic purpose of glucagon ?

A

to prevent hypoglycemia
(<60 mg/dL)

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23
Q

Are GLUT4 transports insulin dependent or independent ?

A

dependent

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24
Q

Are GLUT2 transports insulin dependent or independent ?

A

independent

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25
Q

What is the purpose of cortisol at normal and stress levels for your blood nutrient levels ?

A

normal levels: permissive hormone for glucagon function
- allows liver, and adipose tissue to function during the fasted-state
- maintains normal enzyme levels
stress levels:
- reduces sensitivity to insulin

26
Q

What is the purpose of growth hormone at normal and stress levels for blood glucose nutrient levels ?

A

normal levels: protein production and growth
stress levels: anti-insulin effects

27
Q

What is the purpose of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP) for blood nutrient levels ?

A

stimulated to release when there is food in your duodenum which will cause your pancreas to start secreting insulin early

28
Q

What happens in Diabetes Mellitus ?

A
  • no insulin (GLUT4) or no functional insulin receptors
  • glucosuria (glucose in urine)
  • osmotic diuresis
  • polydipsia
  • polyphagia
29
Q

What happens in Diabetes Insipidus ?

A
  • lack of vasopressin or no functional vasopressin (ADH) receptors
  • water diuresis
30
Q

What is polydipsia ?

A

excessive thirst

31
Q

What is polyphagia ?

A

excessive hunger
- you have no insulin to signal to your satiety center to know that you’re full

32
Q

What is primary hypothermia ?

A

exposure to cold air to water

33
Q

What is secondary hypothermia ?

A

improper functioning of thermo-regulating system
- problem with your body

34
Q

What does the hypothalamus have to do with body temperature ?

A

regulates body temperature

35
Q

What is endogenous pyrogen ?

A

(interleuken-1) induces fever by telling your hypothalamus to raise your thermal set point and helps maintain a high core temp

36
Q

What is endogenous cryogen ?

A

prevents excessive fever and resets your thermal set point

37
Q

What are the nutrient conversions that would release nutrients in the plasma ?

A
  • gluconeogenesis
  • glycogenolysis
  • lipolysis
38
Q

What is the glucostatic theory ?

A

explains the concentration of blood glucose in our bloodstream
- Less blood glucose will stimulate the feeding center and inhibit satiety
- More blood glucose will inhibit the feeding center and stimulate satiety

39
Q

What is the lipostatic theory ?

A

how much adipose tissue we have and what our lipid stores are

40
Q

What is type I diabetes ?

A
  • can’t make insulin
  • insulin-dependent
  • usually genetic
41
Q

What is type II diabetes ?

A
  • can make insulin but doesn’t respond effectively
  • usually get through diet
  • insulin-independent
42
Q

What are Kcalories (Kcal) ?

A

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius
- I Kcal= 1,000 calories (c)

43
Q

What is the equation for your metabolic rate ?

A

L O2 consumed/day x 4.825 Kcal/ L O2

44
Q

What does Glycogenesis do ?

A

makes glycogen
- takes glucose out of the pool and puts it into the glycogen storage

45
Q

What does Glycogenolysis do ?

A

breaks down glycogen
- takes glycogen from storage, splits it up, and puts it back into the glucose pool for body to use

46
Q

What does Gluconeogenesis do ?

A

makes glucose
- takes a non-carbohydrate out of it’s pool and makes glucose by adding it back into the pool

47
Q

Where is the only places you can do Gluconeogenesis ?

A

the liver and kidneys

48
Q

Can you perform Gluconeogenesis anywhere ?

A

no
- only in the liver and kidneys

49
Q

What does Lipogenesis do ?

A

makes lipids (fats)
- takes free fatty acids out of the pool and puts it into the fat storage

50
Q

What does Lipolysis do ?

A

breaks down fats
- takes the fats out of storage, splits it up, and puts it back into the free fatty acid pool

51
Q

What are the Liver ketones for ?

A

our nervous system can’t use fats as a source of energy so the liver has to turn the fatty acids into ketones that the nervous system can use

52
Q

Can all cells in the body use fats for energy ?

A

no, the NS can’t
- the brain for example can’t

53
Q

What does Protein Synthesis do ?

A

makes proteins
- takes amino acids out of the pool and makes body proteins

54
Q

What does -lysis imply ?

A

“breaking down”
- catabolism
- takes out of storage and makes available for use

55
Q

What does -esis imply ?

A

“building up”
- anabolism
- takes out of the pool and puts into storage

56
Q

What are the uses for Glucose ?

A

ATP production, synthesis of fats

57
Q

What are the uses of Adipose tissue (fatty acids) ?

A

ATP production, synthesis of lipoproteins (LDL and HDL cholesterol carriers), and synthesis of steriods

58
Q

What are the uses of amino acids ?

A
  • mostly protein synthesis for structural, clotting factors, or enzymes
  • hormones
  • neurotransmitters
59
Q

What are our 2 sources of cholesterol ?

A
  • dietary cholesterol: aminal fats, saturated fats, and trans-fatty acids
  • cholesterol synthesis: GI tract and liver
60
Q

What is the issue of creating ketones for the nervous system to use ?

A

can cause ketosis and ketoacidosis

61
Q

What GLUT transporter do we need for insulin to work ?

A

GLUT4

Physiology Final (5 decks)

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