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A&P 2 Exam 1 > Chapter 17 part 1- Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17 part 1- Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

a fluid connective tissue

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2
Q

what is blood composed of?

A
  • plasma
  • formed elements
    • erythrocytes
    • leukocytes
    • platelets
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3
Q

Hematocrit

A

percent of blood volume that is RBCs

  • 47% for males
  • 42% for females
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4
Q

what is an erythrocyte?

A

RBC

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5
Q

What is a leukocyte?

A

WBC

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6
Q

how much of your blood is plasma?

A

55% of whole blood, the least dense component

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7
Q

What are your formed elements made of?

A

~buffy coats
- leukocytes and platelets, <1% of whole blood
~Erythrocytes
- 45% of whole blood, most dense component

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8
Q

what are physical characteristics and volume of blood?

A
  • sticky, opaque fluid
  • color scarlet to dark red
  • pH is 7.35-7.45
  • 38 *C
  • 8% of body weight
  • average volume:
    • 5-6 L for males
    • 4-5 L for females
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9
Q

3 functions of blood

A

distribution, regulation, and protection

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10
Q

What does blood distribute?

A
  • 02 and nutrients to body cells
  • metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys
  • hormones from endocrine organs and transported to target organs
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11
Q

What des blood regulate?

A
  • body temperature
  • normal pH using buffers
  • adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system (if not, lack of oxygen)
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12
Q

What does blood protect against?

A
  • blood loss, plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation
  • infection,
    - antibodies
    - complement proteins
    - WBCs defend against foreign invaders
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13
Q

What is your blood plasma made of?

A
  • 90% water
  • proteins (are mostly produced in the liver)
    • 60% albumin
    • 36% globulins (proteins parts for antibodies)
      • 4% fibrinogen (
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14
Q

formed elements?

A
  • only WBCs are complete cells
  • RBCs have no nuclei or organelles
  • platelets are cell fragments
  • most formed elements survive only survive a few days
  • most originate in bone marrow and DONT divide
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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A

-biconcave discs, anucleate, no organelles
- filled w/ 9Hb) hemoglobulin for gas transport
- contain the plasma membrane protein spectrin (lets it change shape)
- major factor when contributing to blood viscosity
- O2 loading in the lungs
(produces oxyhemoglobulin (ruby red))
-O2 unloading in tissues
(produces deoxyhemoglbulin (dark red))

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16
Q

Hemaopoiesis

A

blood cell formation

- occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles, and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

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17
Q

where is red blood cell formation?

A

Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

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18
Q

Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)

A
  • give rise to all formed elements

- hormones and growth factors push cell to a pathway of blood cell development

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19
Q

Erythropoiesis (red blood cell production)

A
  • a hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast

- proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts and continue

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20
Q

RBC formation phases

A
  1. Stem cell (hemocytoblast)
  2. committed cell (proerythroblast)
  3. developmental pathway
  4. a. Phase 1, ribosome synthesis (early erythroblast)
  5. b Phase 2, hemoglobulin accumulation, (late erythroblast/normoblast)
  6. c. Phase 3, ejection of nucleus, (reticulocyte)
  7. erythrocyte
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21
Q

regulation of RBCs.
Too many RBCs?
Not enough RBCs?

A

too many cause increased blood viscosity

not enough can cause hypoxia

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22
Q

hormonal control of erythropoiesis by

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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23
Q

Erythropoietin

A

direct stimulus for erythropoiesis

released by the kidney in response to hypoxia

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24
Q

What are some causes of hypoxia?

A
  • hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers
  • insufficient hemoglobulin (ex: iron deficiency)
  • reduced availability of O2 (ex: high altitudes)
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25
Effects of EPO
- more rapid maturation of committed bone marrow cells - increased circulatory reticulocyte in 1/2 days - Testosterone also enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBCs count in males
26
homeostasis of normal blood oxygen levels
1. Stimulus; hypoxia, decreased RBC count, hemoglobulin, O2 availability 2. Kidney (and liver to a smaller extent) releases erythropoietin 3. erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow 4. Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBCs 5. O2 carrying ability of blood increases
27
Lifespan of RBCs
- 100-120 days - old rbcs become fragile, Hb degenerates - macrophages engulf dyings rbcs in the SPLEEN - heme and globin are separated - iron is salvaged for reuse - heme is degraded to yeloow pigment bilirubin - liver secretes bilirubin (in bile) into the intestines - degraded pigments leave the body in feces as stercobilin (BROOWN POOP) - globin is metabolized into amino acids
28
anemia:
=-blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity - sign rather than a disease - Blood O2 levels cant support normal metabolism - accompanied by fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills
29
1. insufficient erythrocytes
- hemorrhagic anemia acute/chronic loss of blood - hemolytic anemia: RBCs rupture prematurely - Aplastic anemia: destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
30
2. low hemoglobin content
- iron deficiency anemia: - 2ndary result of hemorrhagic anemia - inadequate intake of iron-containing foods - impaired iron absorption - pernicious anemia: - deficiency of vitamin b12 - lack of intrinsic factor (produced in tummy) needed for absorption of b12 - treated by instramuscular inection of b12 or nascobal
31
3. abnormal hemoglobin
- thalassemias: - faulty globin (protein) chain - RBCS are thin. delicate, and deficient in Hb - Sickle cell anemia: - defective gene codes for abnormal HbS - causes RBCs to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations
32
Polycythemia
excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity
33
polycythemia results from
- polycythemia vera - bone marrow cancer - 2ndary polycythemia- when less O2 is available (high altitude) or wen EPO production increases - Blood doping
34
RBCs membranes bear 30 types of _________ antigens that are
- glycoprotein - perceived as foreign when blood is transfused and mismatched - unique to each person - promoters pf agglutination (agglutinogens)
35
presence or absence of each antigen is used to ________ blood cells into different groups
classify
36
antigens of the _____ and _____ blood groups cause vigorous transfusion reactions
ABO and Rh
37
ABO blood groups
A,B,AB,O
38
based on presence or absence of two __________ (A and B) on the surface of the RBCs
agglutinogens
39
Blood may contain Anti-A or Anti-B ________ that act against transfused RBCs with ABO antigens not normally present
antibodies
40
ANti-A or Anti- B form in the _______ at 2 months old
blood
41
AB blood cells has surface marker ____ and ____
A and B
42
B blood cells has surface marker _____ and anti-____
B and ant-A
43
A blood cells has surface marker ___ and Anti-___
A markers and anti-B
44
O blood type has no surface markers but has anti
A and B
45
there are 45 diff. Rh
aggultinogens (Rh factors)
46
C,D and E are the ______ common (Rh blood groups)
most
47
____ indicates presence of D
Rh+
48
Anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in
Rh- individuals
49
Anti-Rh antibodies form if an _____ individual receives _____ blood
Rh- | Rh+
50
a second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in a
typical transfusion reaction
51
Homeostatic imbalance: hemolytic disease of the newborn
also called erythroblastosis fetalis
52
erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh- mother becomes sensitized when exposed to Rh+ blood cause her body to synthesize anti-Rh antibodies Anti-Rh antibodies cross placenta and destroys RBCs of an Rh+ baby
53
erythroblastosis fetalis treatment
-the baby can be treated w prebirth transfusion and exchange transfusions after birth -
54
______ serum containing _____can prevent the Rh- mother from becoming sensitized
RhoGAM | Anti-Rh
55
When serum containing anti-A or Anti-B aggultinins is added to blood, agglutination (______) will occur between the agglutinin and the corresponding ________
clumping, agglutinogens
56
positive reactions indicate _____
agglutination
57
Type A blood (contain agglutinogen A; agglutinates with _____
Anti- A
58
Type B blood (contains agglutinogen B; agglutinates with _____
Anti-B
59
Type AB blood (contains aggltinogens A and B; agglutinates w ____)
both serums
60
diagnostic blood tests
- hematocrit - blood glucose tests - microscopic examination reveals variations in size and shape of RBCS, indications of anemias - differential WBC count - PROTHROMBIN time and platlet counts asses hemostasis - SMAC, blood chemistry profile - CBC

A&P 2 Exam 1 (3 decks)

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