Chapter 17 Part 2- Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Leukopoiesis
A
production of WBCs
2
Q
What is Leukopoiesis stimulated by?
A
chemical messengers from bone marrow and mature WBCs
3
Q
where do all leukocytes originate from?
A
hemocytoblasts
4
Q
what is the blood voume level of WBCs?
A
<1%
5
Q
how can WBCs leave capillaries?
A
via diapedsis
6
Q
How do WBCs move through tissue spaces?
A
by ameboid movement and positive chemotaxis
7
Q
Granulocytes
A
Neutrohils, eosinophils, and basophils
8
Q
what are granulocytes?
A
- cytoplasmic granules
- larger and shorter lived than RBCs
- lobed nuclei
- phagocytic
9
Q
Neutrophils
A
- most numerous WBCs
- 6hrs -> a few days
- fine granules
- pruple cytoplasm when stained
- graules contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins
- very phagocytic- “bacteria slayers”
- ANC of 2500-6000 is normal
10
Q
What WBC is most numerous?
A
neutrophils
11
Q
Neutrophil graules contain ______ enzymes or ______
A
hydrolytic
defensins
12
Q
what WBC is a bacteria slayer that is very phagocytic?
A
Neutrophils
13
Q
Eosinphils
A
- red staining, bilobed nuceli
- red (acidophilic) Coarse, lysosome-like granules
- digest parasitic worms that are too large to phagocytized
- modulators of immune respone
- 8->12 days, circulate 4/5 days
14
Q
What WBC is able to digest parasiti worms that can not be phagocytized?
A
eosinphils
15
Q
what WBC modulates the immune system?
A
Eosinphils
16
Q
Basophils
A
- rarest WBCs
- large, purplish-black (basophilic) graules contain histamine.
- functionally similar to mast cells
- few hours to a few days
17
Q
what is the rarest WBC?
A
basophils
18
Q
histamine
A
an inflammatory chemical that a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites
19
Q
What WBCs contain histamine?
A
Basophil
20
Q
what WBC is similar to mast cells?
A
basophils
21
Q
how long is basophils life span?
A
few hours to a few days
22
Q
Agranulocyte
A
lymphocytes and monocytes
23
Q
what are agranulocytes?
A
lack visible cytoplasmic granules, have spherical or kidney shaped nuclei
24
Q
Lymphocytes
A
-large, dark pruple, circular nuclei with a thin rom of blue cytoplasm
-crucial to immunity
- two types:
T cells and Bcells
25
What WBC is crucial to immunity?
lymphocytes
26
a large, dark purple, circular nuclei with a thin blue rim of cytoplasm
lymphocytes
27
what are the two types of cells in a lymphocyte?
T cells and B cells
28
what is a t cell?
act against virus infected cells and tumor cells- memory, cytotoxic, regulatory (suppressor, helper, natural killer
29
how long can memorycells live?
years or atleast months
30
what is a b cell?
give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies
31
Monocytes
- largest leukocyte
- abundant pale blue cytoplasm
- dark purple staining, u- or kidneyshaped nuclei
- leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophasges
- activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
- hours to day
32
T cells start the process to what
celluar immunity
33
monocytes are the largest WBCs? T/f
T
34
this WBC has an abundant pale blue cytoplasm
monocytes
35
dark purple staining, u or kidney shaped nuclei
monocytes
36
this WBC is an actively phagocytic cell that is crucial against viruses, intracellular bacteria parasites, and chronic infection
monocytes
37
what WBC can differentiate into macrophages>
monocytes
38
which WBC leave the circulation and go adventure for the nasty infection?
Monocytes
39
What WBC activate lymphocyte to mount an immune response?
monocytes
40
leukopenia
abnormally low blood count- drug induced
41
cancerous condition involving WBCs
| -named according to abnormal WBC clone involved
Leukemias
42
myelocytic leukemia
involve myeloblasts
43
lymphocytic leukemia
involves lymphocytes
44
what leukemia involves blast-type cells and primarily affects children
acute leukemia
45
what leukemia is more prevalent in older people
chronic leukemia
46
leukemia
- bone marrow totally occupied w cancerous leukocytes
- immature nonfunctional WBCs in the bloodstream
- death caused by internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections
- treatments include irradiation, antileukemic drugs, and stem cell transplants
47
platelets
- small fragments of megakaryocytes
- formed by thrombopoietin
- blue staining outer region, purple granules
- granules contain serotonin, Ca2+ enzymes, ADP, platelet derive growth factor
- form temp. plug that eal breaks in B.V
- circulating platelets are kept inactive and mobile by NO and prostacyclin from endothelial cells of blood essels
48
what are small fragements that are made of megakaryocytes?
platelets
49
platelets are regulated by
thrombopoietin
50
what are the granules in a platelets created of>
serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet derived growth factor
51
what type of ADP do platelets granules have?
a chemical,not energy
52
what forms a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels?
platelets
53
circulating platelets are kept _______ and _____ by NO (nitrous oxide) and prostacyclin from endothelial cells of BV
inactive and mobile
54
Hemostasis
3 steps
1. vascular spasm
2. platelets plug formation
3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
55
Step 1- vascular spasm
smooth muscles contract, vasoconstriction, slowing down blood flow
56
step 2- platelet plug formation
collagen fibers get exposed' platelets adhere. platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug formation
57
step 3- coagulation
fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBC and platelets, forming the clot
58
vascular spasm
vasoconstriction of damaged BV
59
vasoconstriction is triggerd by
- direct injury
- chemicals released by endothelial cells and platlets
- pain reflexes
60
HEMOSTASIS IS A WHAT FEEDBACK MECHANISM
POSITIVE
61
platelet plug formation
@ the site of injury platlets,
- stick to exposed collagen with the help of VON willibren factor, a plasma protein
- swell, become spiky and sticky, release chemical messengers (their granule)
62
What two chemicals are released in platelet plug formation
-ADP and serotonin
63
how is ADP used as a chemical messenger in platlet plug formation
casues more platlet to stick and release their contents
64
where are the two chemical messangers in platelet plug formation from?
the granulocyte from platelets
65
serotonin and thromboxane A2lug formation?
enhances vascular spasm and more platelet aggregation
66
coagulation
a set of reaction in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
-reinforces the platelet plug formation
67
3 phases of coagulation
1. prothrombin activator is formed (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways)
2. prothrombin is converted into thrombin
3. Thrombin catalyzes the jioining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh
68
phase 1 of coagulation - two pathways
intrinsic and extrinsic
69
the intrinsic athway of coagulation
triggered by tissue damaging events
| -activated platelets, collagen
70
the extrinsic pathway of coagulation
is triggered by exposure to tissue factor(TF) or plasma factor (an extrinsic factor) outside the circulatory system (due to damaged vessel)
71
coagulation phase 2; pathway to thrombin
- prothrombin activator (12 coagulation factor) catalyzes trainformation of prothrombin (a glycoprotein found in plasma) to the active anzyme thrombin (which changes fibrinogen into fibrin)
72
coagulation phase 3- common pathway to the fibrin mesh
- thrombin convert fibrinogen into fibrin
- firin strands form structural base of clot
- fibrin causes plasma to become gel like trap for formed elements
- thrombin (w Ca2+) activates cloting factor XIII -cross link fibrin
- strengthen and stabilize the clot
73
clot retraction is _____ of a blood clot over a number of days
shrinking
| -edges of the BV wall at injury are slowly brought together again
74
___ and _____ in platelets contract in 30-60 min
actin and myosin
75
platelets pull on the _____ strands, squeezing ____ from the clot
fibrin, serum
76
clot repair
platelet derived growth fctor (PDGF) stimulates divison of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild BV walls
77
____________ stimulates endothelial cells to multiply and restore the endothelial lining
vascular endothelial growth factor
78
fibrinolysis
- prevents blood clots from growning
- begin in 2 days
- plasminogen in clot converted to plasmin
- plasmin is a fibrin-digesting enzymes
79
what cleaves the fibrin mesh at various places, leading to circulating fragments that are clared by other proteases or by the kidney and liver
fibrinolysis
80
_____ in clot is converted to plasmin
plasminogen
81
____ is a fibrin digesting enzyme
plasmin
82
factors preventing undesirable clotting (platelets adhesion is prevented by
- smooth endothelial lining of BV
- antithrombic substances nitric oxide and prostacyclin secreted by endothelial cells
- vit E quinine, which acts as a potent anticoagulant
83
___________ which act as a potent anticoagulant
Vit. E quinine
84
hemostasis disorders
thromboembolytic disorders- undesirable clot formation
| bleeding disorder- abnormalties that prevent normal clot formation
85
thromboembolytic disorders
undesirable clot formation
86
bleeding disorder
abnormalties that prevent normal clot formation
