Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BS450 > Chapter 17: Sex and the Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Sex and the Brain Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

life- maintaining functions:
1. regulated by ()
2. conscious control by ()

A
  1. subcortical structures
  2. cerebral cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

() -> the biological state of being male or female; physical characteristics at birth

A

sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

factors that determine a person’s sex

A

chromosomes, hormones, and body anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

() -> set of behaviors and attributes a culture associates with men and women; socially constructed

A

gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

() diseases occur more often in men than women

A

X-linked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

(): gene of Y chromosome; sex-determining region

A

SRY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SRY on the Y chromosome encodes for (1) -> causes development of (2)

A
  1. testis-determining factor
  2. testes and testicular hormones (male development)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

extra X chromosome in a male (e.. XXY); no or mild symptoms, but patients have low testosterone

A

Klinefelter syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

partial or complete absence of 1 X chromosome (XO genotype)

A

Turner syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

first 6 weeks of pregnancy -> sexually undifferentiated:

  1. () becomes the oviduct
  2. () becomes the vas deferens
A
  1. Müllerian duct
  2. Wolffian duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

SRY -> testosterone -> development of Wolffian duct due to expression of ()

A

Müllerian-inhibiting factor -> inhibits formation of Müllerian duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

condition of having both male and female reproductive organs

A

hermaphroditism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

() regulate the development and function of the reproductive system and sexual behavior

A

sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

() release sex hormones

A

endocrine glands (ovary and testis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

() regulates endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

male hormone (1): testosterone

female hormone (2): estradiol

A
  1. androgen
  2. estrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

testosterone + () -> estradiol

A

aromatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

() hormones pass through cell membranes and bind to cytoplasmic receptors to regulate gene expression

A

steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe levels of male testosterone throughout the day

A

fluctuate rapidly each day -> correlate with anger, conflict, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in females, ovaries secrete estradiol (estrogen) and ()

A

progesterone (progestin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe how female sex hormone level vary

A

fluctuate in a 28-day cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

(1) -> released by the anterior pituitary; release is promoted by hypothalamic (2)

A
  1. gonadotropins (LH, FSH)
  2. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

in males, (1) stimulates testosterone production, while (2) aids in sperm maturation

A
  1. luteinizing hormone (LH)
  2. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

in females, () cause estrogen secretion

A

LH and FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
phases of the menstrual cycle
follicular, luteal
25
seasonal variations in reproductive behavior in some animals are controlled by variations in () -> offspring are born during the best season for survival
light levels (light -> low melatonin -> high GnRH release)
26
how is melatonin related to GnRH release
melatonin inhibits GnRH release
27
oocytes are arrested during mitosis; small number completes mitosis during () -> mature into egg cell
luteal
28
sexual response cycle
arousal, plateau, orgasm, resolution
29
arousal can occur via ()
erotic psychological, sensory stimuli, and/or tactile stimulation of genitals
30
() integrates cerebral activity (erotic thoughts) with sensory info from genitals -> generates output mediating sexual responses of genitals
spinal cord
31
the ff neurotransmitters cause relaxation of smooth muscle cells in genitalia -> engorgement of genitalia (clitoris, labia, penis) and secretion of lubricating fluids
ACh, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), nitric oxide (NO)
32
viagra enhances the effect of ()
NO
33
() is needed to complete the sexual response cycle -> triggered by sensory neuron activity and neural input
sympathetic activity -> muscle contraction
34
() - male mates with many females -> common among mammals
polygyny
35
() - female mates with many males -> very rare among vertebrates
polyandry
36
() - male and female mate exclusively (3% mammals, 12 % primates, 90% birds)
monogamy
37
(): model for studying reproductive behavior because closely related species show very different mating strategies
voles
38
() voles -> social and monogamous; both parents cooperate for long-term care of young
prairie
39
() voles -> asocial and promiscuous; only females care for offspring briefly
montane
40
2 neurohormones released by posterior pituitary
1. oxytocin 2. vasopressin (ADH)
41
neurohormone released by post. pituitary; released during lactation, social boding ("love hormone"), promotes uterine contraction
oxytocin
42
role of oxytocin and ADH in parenting behaviors of (prairie) voles
1. ADH increases paternal behaviors in males 2. oxytocin increases maternal behaviors in females
43
human plasma oxytocin levels increase during ()
1, breastfeeding in mothers 2. sexual intercourse
44
how does brain activation demonstrate strong reinforcing nature of partner and parental relationship
activated brain regions when interacting with child or partner are part of reward circuitry
45
Male and female brains must be different -> ()
sexual dimorphism
46
reasons why there must be sexual dimorphisms in human brains
1. differing behaviors related to sexual reproduction 2. sex-specific body parts need sex-specific neural systems 3. somatosensory and motor maps must adjust to varying body size and shape
47
examples of sexual dimorphisms of the human CNS
1. Onuf's nucleus 2. INAH-1 to INAH-3 (interstitial nuclei of the anterior HT)
48
motor neuron pool in the spinal cord controlling bulbocavernosus muscles surrounding the base of the penis (opening of vagina in women): more neurons in men
Onuf's nucleus
49
may be human analog of rat SDN
INAH-1
50
in the preoptic area, study found that () was 2x larger in men than women
INAH-2
51
(): the most distinct sexual dimorphisms in the mammalian brain (role in reproductive behavior)
Preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus
52
Lesions in Preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus : disrupt (1) in females and reduce (2) in males
1. estrous cycle 2. copulation frequency
53
() in rats -> obvious difference between male and female brains; bigger in males
sexually dimorphic nucleus
54
possible evolutionary explanations for cognitive dimorphisms
- Men: hunters: better at spatial navigation - Women: care for children at home: more social & verbal
55
one major difficulty in assessing sexual dimorphisms is the fact that there are () between individuals than between sexes
larger differences (variances)
56
possible role of hormonal differences in sexual dimorphisms
- spatial reasoning in women is better with low estrogen - spatial reasoning in men improves with testosterone level
57
2 kinds of effects of sex hormones
1. organizational effects 2. activational effects
58
describe the organizational effects of sex hormones
- permanent - arranging tissues (anatomy) during development
59
describe the activational effects of sex hormones
- temporary - drive changes in behavior
60
because steroids can cross the cell membrane, they can effectively bind to (1) and induce ()
1. receptors on the cytoplasm and nucleus 2. induce changes in gene expression level
61
() in fetal blood binds estrogens and protects female fetus from masculinization
α-Fetoprotein
62
() involved in the synthesis of prostaglandin
Cyclooxygenase (COX)
63
defective androgen receptor gene on X chromosome ()
androgen insensitivity
64
() in genetic females: abnormally large adrenals overproduce androgens
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
65
() :having both male and female tissues
Gynandromorph
66
critical regulatory genes for sex differentiation in fruit flies
fru and dsx
67
- Male without (): courtship behavior weak or absent - Female made express (): show male courtship behavior
fru
68
Long after sex hormones have determined the structure of the reproductive organs, they can have () on the brain
activational effects
69
In males, interaction with offspring may alter brain structure. (2)
- increased density of dendritic spines - increased number of vasopressin receptors
70
(): activates neurons; increases neurite outgrowth, cell viability, spine density, and synaptic plasticity
Estradiol
71
possible therapeutical benefit of estrogen in humans
may protect against stroke may help with multiple sclerosis

BS450 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions