Chapter 18: Brain Mechanisms of Emotion

Question 1

() studies the neural basis of emotion and mood

Answer 1

Affective neuroscience

Question 2

Earlier ideas about a single emotional system or multiple systems have been replaced by theories in which emotions are based on ()

Answer 2

distributed networks of brain activity

Question 3

central assumptions of neoclassical economics:

1. people have () among outcomes that can be identified and associated with a value
2. individuals maximize (a) and firms maximize (b)
3. people act independently on the basis of ()

Answer 3

1. rational preferences
2. (a) utility; (b) profit
3. full and relevant information

Question 4

An emotion is a “complex reaction pattern, involving (1) elements, by which the individual attempts to deal with a personally significant matter of event.” It arises without (2) and is either positive or negative in its (3).

Answer 4

1. experiential, behavioral, and physiological
2. conscious effort
3. valence

Question 5

() : subjective feelings.
- brain mechanisms obtained from human studies

Answer 5

Emotional experience

Question 6

() : behavioral and physiological responses.
- brain mechanisms obtained mostly from animal studies

Answer 6

Emotional expression

Question 7

Emotional behavior, such as fear of height or snakes, can be highly () for an animal -> trait arises because it increased chances of survival

Answer 7

adaptive

Question 8

() theory: emotion experienced in response to physiological changes in body

Answer 8

James–Lange

Question 9

() theory: emotions occur independent of emotional expression—no correlation with physiological state

Answer 9

Cannon–Bard

Question 10

() suggests that emotional experience is not a prerequisite for emotional expression.

Answer 10

Unconscious emotion

Question 11

Areas of brain forming a ring around corpus callosum: cingulate gyrus, medial surface temporal lobe, hippocampus; proposed function -> olfaction

Answer 11

(Broca’s) Limbic Lobe

Question 12

emotional system containing limbic structures, including cortex, involved in emotion;

Answer 12

Papez Circuit

Question 13

the Papez circuit is an emotional system lying on the medial wall of the brain that connects () -> bidirectional communication

Answer 13

cortex and hypothalamus

Question 14

accdg to Paul MacLean: Evolution of () allows animals to experience and express emotions beyond stereotyped brain stem behaviors.

Answer 14

limbic system

Question 15

concept of “1 mind, 3 brains” -> primal, emotional, and rational mental activities are the product of neural activity in multiple (separate) regions; collective energy creates human experience

Answer 15

triune brain

Question 16

hypothesis that basic emotions have distinct representations or circuits in brain -> analogous to distinct representations for sensory experiences

Answer 16

basic emotion theories

Question 17

(basic emotion theories) according to fMRI results, the:
1. amygdala is more activated (more associated) with ()
2. () activity is more associated with sadness

Answer 17

1. fear
2. Medial prefrontal cortex

Question 18

() suggest that a common and interconnected neurophysiological system is responsible for all affective states.

Answer 18

Dimensional models of emotion (dimensional theories of emotion)

Question 19

basic idea of dimensional emotion theories

Answer 19

emotions (including basic emotions) can be broken down into smaller fundamental elements

Question 20

Most dimensional models incorporate (1) (pleasant- unpleasant) and (2) (weak emotion- strong emotion) dimensions.

Answer 20

1. valence
2. arousal or intensity

Question 21

key difference between dimensional and psychological constructionist theories of emotion

Answer 21

dimensions do not carry affective weight -> emotional state is constructed from physiological processes that, on their own, do not concern only emotion

Question 22

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome is caused by (1) in monkeys, (2) in humans (mostly)

Answer 22

1. bilateral removal of temporal lobes -> temporal lobectomy
2. amygdala lesions

Question 23

notable symptoms of Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

Answer 23

• absence or significant decrease of emotional response (fear, rage and aggression)
• visual agnosia: poor visual recognition
• heightened attention to sensory stimuli

Question 24

both the () of fear and aggression were severely decreased by the temporal lobectomy

Answer 24

normal experience and expression

Question 25

elaborate how amygdala lesions cause visual agnosia in humans

Answer 25

inability to recognize fear in other people’s facial expressions

however, patients can still recognize fear in voices

Question 26

electrical stimulation of the amygdala causes (1) in humans, (2) in cats

Answer 26

1. fear and anxiety
2. fear and violent aggression

Question 26

information from all the sensory systems feeds into the () of the amygdala -> integration of info from different sensory modalities

Answer 26

basolateral nuclei

Question 26

Memories associated with fear can form quickly and long- lasting ()

Answer 26

learned fear

Question 26

() in the amygdala seem to be involved in forming memories for emotional events

Answer 26

synaptic changes

Question 26

Amygdala () eliminate expression of learned fear

Answer 26

lesions

Question 26

We can infer that an animal is angry only by the ()

Answer 26

aggressive behaviors it exhibits

Question 27

In animals, () are correlated with aggressive behavior

Answer 27

seasonal androgen levels

Question 28

• against different species for food
• few vocalizations; attack head or neck
• no symathetic activity
• lateral HT active

Answer 28

predatory aggression (threat attack)

Question 29

• for show, not to kill for food
• high sympathetic activity
• make vocalizations, threatening posture
• medial HT active

Answer 29

affective aggression (silent-biting attack)

Question 30

The amygdala is important for the aggression normally involved in maintaining a ()

Answer 30

position in the social hierarchy

Question 31

brain surgery as a method of treating psychiatric disorders

Answer 31

psychosurgery

last resort of treatment (usual: medication)

Question 32

demonstration of all the behavioral manifestations of rage but in a situation that would normally not cause anger

Answer 32

sham rage

Question 33

uncontrolled outburst of anger sometimes reported in athletes taking anabolic steroids

Answer 33

roid rage

Question 34

removal of () but not HT caused sham rage

Answer 34

cerebral hemispheres

Question 35

in sham rage experiments, behavior was reversed with additional lesions in posterior HT -> HT may normally be inhibited by ()

Answer 35

telencephalon

Question 36

Two hypothalamic pathways to brain stem involving autonomic function

Answer 36

1. medial forebrain bundle -> VTA -> predatory
2. dorsal longitudinal fasciculus -> PAG -> affective