Chapter 17.1

Question 1

How did the Ottoman Empire start? When?

Answer 1

Mongol conquests of the 1200s ripped apart the Turk empire.

Small, independent Turkish states formed in the region.

Question 2

What happened in late 1200s to found the Ottoman Empire

Answer 2

In the late 1200s, a great leader arose from one of the states and went

on to found the powerful Ottoman Empire

Question 3

In the early 1300s, What was the name for modern day Turkey?

Answer 3

Anatolia

Question 4

In the early 1300s, what bordered Anatolia on the west, on the east and on the borth

Answer 4

Early 1300s, Anatolia bordered by

declining Christian Byzantine Empire to west,

Muslim empires to east;

to north, Russia

Question 5

What kind of society was in Anatolia (Turkey)

Answer 5

Turks of Anatolia (Turkey) mainly Muslim, nomadic, militaristic society

Question 6

What kind of people were the Ottomans?

Answer 6

Nomadic people,

ghazis, “warriors for the Islam faith”

Question 7

Who was the leader that build a strong state in Anatolia by 1300

Answer 7

Leader Osman I had built strong state in Anatolia (Turkey) by 1300

Question 8

Osman, descendants came to be known as _________ to Westerners

Answer 8

Ottomans

Question 9

Osman’s son, Orhan I, became the second Ottoman ruler.

He declared himself _______, Arabic for “Ruler”

Answer 9

Osman’s son, Orhan I, became second Ottoman ruler; declared himself sultan, Arabic for “ruler”

Question 10

What did the Sultan attack?

Answer 10

Attacked Byzantine Empire

Question 11

1361, took ____________, the second most important Byzantine city; renamed ______, made it capital

Answer 11

1361, took Adrianople, second most important Byzantine city; renamed Edirne, made it capital

Question 12

By early 1400s, Ottomans controlled much of _____________ (where?)

Answer 12

By early 1400s, Ottomans controlled much of Balkan ( bulkan ) Peninsula

Question 13

What was the key to Ottoman success

Answer 13

Military key to Ottoman success

Question 14

What did the Ottomans do to the Christians?

Answer 14

Ottomans enslaved Christian boys and converted them to Islam, trained as elite soldiers, Janissaries

Question 15

What did the Ottomans have that gave them military might?

Answer 15

Ottomans also adopted gunpowder weapons

Now possible to take cities defended by heavy walls

Question 16

What started the Ottoman’s decline?

Answer 16

Despite strong military, Ottomans experienced setback

Central Asian conqueror Timur attacked

Question 17

What happened to Ottoman Empire after Timur’s invasion?

Answer 17

In 1402, Timur’s army crushed Ottoman forces at Battle of Ankara

Timur soon withdrew

Ottoman empire left in shambles

Ruler dead

Bloody power struggle followed, weakened empire

Question 18

In mid-1400s, ________ was determined to conquer ________, the Byzantine capital

Answer 18

Mid-1400s, Mehmed II determined to take Constantinople, Byzantine capital

Question 19

What was the trade route between Asia, Europe?

Who controlled this route?

Answer 19

Constantinople controlled Bosporus Strait, trade route between Asia, Europe

Question 20

Did the Ottomans control Constantinople?

Answer 20

Ottomans had captured lands around Constantinople, but not city itself

Question 21

What started the fall of Constantinople?

How did it happen?

Answer 21

1453, Ottomans led major land, sea assault against Constantinople

Used massive cannons to batter city’s walls; city fell after two months

Question 22

Who caused the end of the Byzantine Empire?

Answer 22

Byzantine Empire no longer existed;

Mehmed became known as “the Conqueror;”

Question 23

What did Mehmed the Conqueror claim as center of religion?

Answer 23

claimed center of eastern Christianity for Islam

Question 24

What did Mehmed do to Constantinople?

Answer 24

Mehmed made Constantinople his capital, named Istanbul

Allowed soldiers to pillage city for three days

Many residents killed or enslaved

Then rebuilt Constantinople into Muslim city

Question 25

What did Mehmed build in Istanbul? What was the city like?

Answer 25

Mehmed had palaces, mosques built, turned **Hagia Sophia**, Orthodox Christian cathedral, into mosque Soon city again major trade center with people of many cultures

Question 26

Who was leader of the Ottoman Empire at its height?

Answer 26

Empire reached height under **Suleyman I,** known in West as Suleyman “the Magnificent”

Question 27

How did Suleyman I capture the holy cities of Islam? Which were the holy cities?

Answer 27

In 1514 Ottoman forces crushed Safavids (safaweeds ) at Battle of Chaldiran Next swept through Syrian, into Egypt in North Africa Soon after captured Mecca, Medina, holy cities of Islam

Question 28

What did Suleyman do during his 46 year reign?

Answer 28

During Suleyman’s forty-six year reign, Ottoman forces pushed through Hungary up to Vienna Navy gained control of eastern Mediterranean, North African coast Reformed tax system, overhauled government bureaucracy, improved court system, legal code

Question 29

What was the rule of Sultans?

Answer 29

Ottoman sultan ruled over vast, diverse empire; had immense power, issued all laws, made all major decisions Numerous officials advised sultan—considered his slaves; had to be loyal to sultan, practice Islam, follow Ottoman customs

Question 30

What was class structure like in Ottoman society?

Answer 30

Privileged ruling class one of two classes—second class, everyone else Included people of many cultures, languages, religions Ottomans governed diverse subjects with tolerance

Question 31

What was religion like in the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 31

**Religious Freedom** ## Footnote Non-Muslims had to pay heavy taxes, endure restrictions; did not have to serve in military—Muslims had to join military, but did not pay taxes Religious freedom allowed; some groups required to form **millets**, or religious communities; each millet followed own laws, chose own leaders

Question 32

What were the best of Ottman culture?

Answer 32

**Great Buildings** Magnificent mosques, palaces, many with Byzantine influence Mosque of Suleyman - Graceful solution of problem of combining round dome, rectangular building

Question 33

What happened to Ottoman Empire after Suleyman died?

Answer 33

**Empire’s Decline** After Suleyman’s reign, empire declined New sultans killed brothers to eliminate rivals until 1600s **Inexperienced Sultans** - Despite periodic reform efforts, series of weak sultans resulted Empire lasted to early 1900s

Question 34

Who came into conflict with the Ottomans and other Muslims?

Answer 34

The Safavids soon came into conflict with the Ottomans and other Muslims. The conflict related to Islam’s split into rival Sunni and Shia sects. The Safavids were Shia; most other Muslims were Sunnis.

Question 35

Who lead growth of the Safavid Empire?

Answer 35

14-year old Esma’il, founder of Safavid Empire Father died fighting Sunni Muslims 1501 led army in Persian conquests

Question 36

What was the official religion of the Safavid Empire?

Answer 36

Gained control of what is now Iran, part of Iraq Took Persian title of **shah , “king” of Safavid Empire** Made **Shiism** official religion

Question 37

What was the Persian tradition? How did it lay foundation for current culture?

Answer 37

Sunnis majority in empire Blending of Shia religion, Persian tradition gave Safavid state unique identity Laid foundation for national culture of present day Iran