Chapter 9.1 & 9.2 & 9.3 Flashcards

Question

What was successor to Muhammad? What was this successor called?

Answer 1

Abu Bakr , close companion, chosen leader, called **caliph “successor”**

Answer 2

Built strong Arab fighting forces to keep tribes under control Reunified Arabia

Answer 3

Expansion of Territory Successor Umar, expanded Muslim rule 637 early victory against Persian forces in Iraq 642 victory over Persian Empire complete

Answer 4

**More Expansion** - After Iraq, Persia, Arab army faced wealthy Byzantine Empire to west. Arab conquer Damascus, Syria, Jerusalem, Nile Valley, and Egypt **Empire** - Only 10 years after Muhammad’s death, followers had created empire. Conquests continued under later caliphs. **Internal Conflict and Division** - Deep conflict within Muslim leadership, began with choice of Abu Bakr, caliph. Some had supported Muhammad’s cousin, Ali. Led to internal division and civil wars

Answer 5

Shia believed God had specially blessed Ali’s descendants Ali’s descendants, Muhammad’s true heirs Shia called each of Ali’s successors **imam (**Imam means “leader”) For the shia, only imams can interpret the Qur’an

Answer 6

Sunni believe leaders must lead according to Muhammad’s philosophy. Does not have to be a descendant.

Answer 7

Islam affected almost all aspects of daily life, providing guidance on how Muslims should deal with many issues

Answer 8

Islam set forth roles withinfamily Man head of family Men could have several wives Husbands supposed to treat all wives equally Rights of women, children protected

Answer 9

Rights of women varies According to Qur’an, women equal to men before Allah Women could inherit property, seek divorce in some cases Played vital roles Went into battle Influenced politics

Answer 10

From India, adopted symbols 0 through 9 System became known as Arabic numerals Algebra and trigonometry also came from Muslim thinkers

Answer 11

**Discoveries** - Astronomy, some stars still bear names given by Muslim discoverers. Astronomy came to Muslim world through texts from Persia, India **Almagest -** Most important influence on astronomy, Ptolemy’s work, first translated into Arabic 800s. Described movements of stars & planets, predicted paths **Astronomers -** Muslim astronomers built observatories; created calendar still in use. Muslims needed to predict phases of moon to plan religious festivals. Perfected **astrolabe**, used in navigation to plot positions of stars, planets

Answer 12

Medicine highly developed Doctors in Baghdad had to pass rigorous tests in order to practice Baghdad had world’s first school of pharmacy eye surgery Different instruments invented, perfected Ibn Sina most well-known medical scholar of time

Answer 13

1300s, Ibn Khaldun wrote history of world Historians still interested in comments Warned against basic errors like bias, praising rulers too highly in order to gain favor

Answer 14

Geographers made many strides Pilgrims needed to find way to Mecca, travel guides written One geographer measured earth’s circumference with much accuracy

Answer 15

**Islamic Art** - Muslim artists worked in range of materials, wood, metal, ceramics, textiles Religious art does not contain human, animal figures **Patterns, Designs -** Avoidance of figures led to use of geometric patterns, floral designs. Intricate design known as an arabesque **Idolatry -** Believed portraying people, animals could tempt worship. Worshipping anyone, anything besides Allah the worst possible sin

Answer 16

Another distinctive feature of Islamic art, **calligraphy -** beautifully styled writing Artists who produced copies of Qur’an sought perfection in reproduction of word of Allah Artful representation of words became central part of Islamic art

Answer 17

Architecture in Muslim world also developed distinctive features Several forms, plans for building mosques developed All have features in common - Minarets, tall towers from which faithful called to prayers. Domes

Chapter 9.1 & 9.2 & 9.3 Flashcards

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