chapter 18

Question 1

Endocrine gland

Answer 1

Secrete products into the bloodstream

Question 2

Relationship between nervous system and endocrine system

Answer 2

THe nervous system releases neurotransmitters which excite a nerve muscle or gland

Question 3

Explain the specificity of a hormone to its target cell

Answer 3

Target cells have specific proteins or glycoprotein receptors that hormones bind to

Question 4

Exocrine glands

Answer 4

secrete products into ducts which empty into body cavities or body surface

Question 5

examples of endocrine glands

Answer 5

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal

Question 6

General functions of hormones

Answer 6

Help regulate:
Extracellular fluid, metabolism, biological clock, contraction of cardiac and smooth muscles, glandular secretion, some immune functions

Question 7

explain how hormone receptors are regulated

Answer 7

Constantly being broken down and synthesized

Question 8

Upregulation

Answer 8

Increases sensitivity of target cell to hormone

Question 9

Downregulation

Answer 9

Decreases sensitivity of target cell to hormone

Question 10

Circulating hormone

Answer 10

Hormones that travel in blood and act on distinct target cells

Question 11

Local hormones

Answer 11

Act locally without first entering the blood stream

Question 12

Three hormone divisions

Answer 12

Amino acid derivatives
Peptide hormones
Lipid derivatives

Question 13

Amino acid derivatives

Answer 13

Derivatives of tyrosine
Derivatives of tryptophan

Question 14

Derivatives of tyrosine

Answer 14

Thyroid
Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
Tryptophan (seratonin, melatonin)

Question 15

Peptide hormones

Answer 15

chains of amino acids
Glycoproteins, short polypeptides

Question 16

Glycoproteins

Answer 16

Proteins are more than 200 amino acids long and have carbohydrate side chains

Question 17

Short polypeptides/ small proteins

Answer 17

Short chain polypeptides (antidiuretic hormones)
Small proteins (Growth hormone and prolactin)

Question 18

Lipid derivatives

Answer 18

Eicosanoids, steroid hormones

Question 19

Eicosanoids

Answer 19

Derived from arachidonic acid, paracrine factors coordinate cellular activities in extracellular fluids

Question 20

Steroid hormones

Answer 20

Derived from cholesterol and found in reproductive system, cortex of adrenal glands, kidneys

Question 21

Three steps of lipid soluble hormone action

Answer 21

1. Lipid soluble hormones bind to and activate receptors within cells
2. Activated receptors alter gene expression
3. New proteins alter the cells activity and result in physiological responses

Question 22

First messenger of water soluble hormones

Answer 22

Binds to the cell membrane receptor

Question 23

Second messenger

Answer 23

Intermediary relay molecule released inside the cell where the hormone stimulated response takes place

Question 24

Examples of second messengers

Answer 24

ADH, TSH, Glucagon, epinephrine, cGMP

Question 25

Why are water soluble hormones amplified to a much greater extent

Answer 25

Water soluble hormones bind to receptor which activates multiple proteins. Lipid soluble hormones are directly proportional to the number of hormone receptor complexes formed

Question 26

What is the role of g proteins

Answer 26

Turns on adenylate cyclase which catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP

Question 27

Cholera

Answer 27

Causes g proteins to lock in activated state which can make person dehydrated

Question 28

How are there so few different hormones

Answer 28

Different target cells respond differently to the same hormone

Question 29

Describe location and structure of pituitary gland

Answer 29

Located in sella turcica of sphenoid bone consists of anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary, and the infundibulum which connects it to the brain

Question 30

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

Answer 30

Synthesizes its own hormones and secretes them directly into the blood; makes up 75 percent of the pituitary gland

Question 31

Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis)

Answer 31

Stores and secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus

Question 32

Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland

Answer 32

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH