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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 18 & 19 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 18 & 19 Blood Flashcards

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0
Q

Cardiovascular system locations (blood vessels)

A

Capillaries- exchange

Veins - carry blood to heart

Arteries- carry blood away from heart

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1
Q

Cardiovascular system BLOOD functions:

A

1) transportation
- removes waste
- o2 & co2

2) Homeostasis (regulation)
- body temperature
- body ph
- fluid balance

3) Immune protection

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2
Q

Cardiovascular system characteristics of BLOOD:

A
  1. Volume (men’s= 5-6L/Women= 4-5L)
  2. Viscosity (4-5x thicker than h20)
  3. Blood PH ( 7.35-7.45) (slightly alkaline)
  4. Blood Temperature (38 Celsius/100.4 F)
  5. Color
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3
Q

Physical composition of Blood: (%)

A
  1. Formed elements (45%)

2. Plasma (55%)

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4
Q

Formed Elements

A

(45%)

1) Erythrocytes (RBC) 44%: transports o2/co2

Both leukocyte & platelets =1%

2) Leukocyte (WBC): motile immune cells
3) Platelets: blood clotting = repair broken blood vessels

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5
Q

Plasma

A

55% =Extra cellular fluid of our blood

-92% H2o

-1% dissolved Solutes
(Na, nutrients,wastes,hormones)

-7% proteins

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6
Q

Actual hematocrit

A

% of blood = erythrocytes

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7
Q

Critical hematocrit

A

% of all formed elements

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8
Q

Plasma protein functions

A
  • transporters(fatty acids,iron, hormones)
  • proteins & Solutes control fluid level of blood
  • Helps keep H2o in blood
  • antibodies (y-shaped, binds to foreign substances)
  • clotting factors
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9
Q

Types of proteins in plasma and their %

A

1) albumin= 58%

  • transporters (fatty acids, hormones)
  • proteins & Solutes help control fluid level of blood

2) globulins= 37%
- Alpha: transports lipids
- Beta: transports iron
- Gamma: antibodies

3) Fibrinogen= 4% (clotting factor)
4) regulatory hormones/enzymes = 1%

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10
Q

Leukocyte

A

Motile immune cells

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11
Q

Diapedisis

A

Immune cells travel In blood, when activated they squeeze out of blood vessel to the site where needed

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12
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Move towards specific chemicals

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13
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

1)Granulocytes

  • neutrophil
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils

2) Agranulocytes

  • lymphocyte
  • monocytes
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14
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophil

Eosinophils

Basophils

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15
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocyte

Monocytes

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16
Q

Neutrophil

A

(Cytoplasm contains neutral colored granules)

(50-70% of leukocytes)

1) first responder to infection
2) pale granules in cytoplasm
3) multilobed nucleus
4) in our puss

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17
Q

Eosinophils

A

(1-4% of leukocytes) (red/pink granules)

(Phagocytize: antibody-antigen complexes)

1) allergens will eat
2) bilobed nucleus

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18
Q

Basophils

A

(0.5%-1% of leukocytes)

1) blue granules
2) bilobed nucleus
3) make heparin & histamine

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19
Q

Heparin

A
  • Anticoagulant (prevents blood clotting)
  • Brings more leukocytes to site of infection
  • inactivates thrombin
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20
Q

Histamine

A

Recruit/signal for more leukocytes

runny nose, watery eyes

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21
Q

Lymphocytes

A

(20-40% of leukocytes) (large nucleus)

Types:

1) Natural killers: killing abnormal cells in body
2) B lymphocyte: make our antibodies/gamma globulins) (mature bone marrow)
3) T lymphocyte: manage a direct immune response) (thymus)

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22
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Killing abnormal cells in the body

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23
Q

B lymphocyte

A

make our antibodies/gamma globulins) (mature bone marrow)

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24
T lymphocyte
Manage a direct immune response (thymus)
25
Monocytes
(2-8 % of leukocyte) 10-12 days in blood & then leave blood stream in macrophage
26
Hemopoesis
All formed elements in blood Types: ``` Erythrocytes = erythropoiesis Leukocytes= leukopoiesis Platelets= thrombopoiesis ``` (ALL signaled by growth factors or hormones)
27
Albumin
58% of proteins - transporters (fatty acids, iron, hormones) - proteins & Solutes help control fluid level of blood)
28
Globulins
37% of proteins - Alpha ,Beta, Gamma
29
Alpha Globulins
Transports lipids
30
Beta Globulins
Transports iron
31
Gamma Globulins
Antibodies
32
Growth factor
Signaling molecule that binds to receptors, changes the transcript ion & translation to make new proteins which cause growth & maturation of certain cells.
33
Multi-CSF
(Multi-colony-stimulating factor) Goes to: - erythropoiesis - thrombopoiesis - leukopoiesis
34
G-CSF
Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor Goes to: -granulocyte & monocytes
35
Hemocytoblast
1) Pluripotent cells - ->can become many different cells 2) two different lines for blood cell development - ->Myeloid Cell & Lymphoid Cell
36
Lymphoid Cell in leukopoiesis
1) Natural killer cells 2) B lymphocyte 3) T lymphocyte
37
GM-CSF
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor - basophils - eosinophils - neutrophils
38
Erythropoiesis
Starts at Myeloid cell (multi-CSF) - ->proerythroblast (EPO=erythropoietin senses O2) - ->Erythroblast (starts making hemoglobin) - ->normoblast (keeps making hemoglobin) (nucleus ejected) - ->reticulocytes (hemoglobin & ribosomes in blood stream) - ->Erythrocytes = bag of hemoglobin
39
Thrombopoiesis
Starts at Myeloid Cell (multi-CSF) (liver/spleen) -->Megakarytocyte (Largest of blood cells) (sits outside endothelium) (long arm like extension protrude through and break off becoming platelets) -->platelets
40
Leukopoiesis in Myeloid cell
GM-CSF -->G-CSF-->Granulocytes (Eosinophils, Basophils, neutrophils) -->M-CSF -->Monocytes
41
Hemoglobin
*quaternary Structure -4 polypeptides (2 alpha/2 beta) which contain a chemical group called Heme.
42
Heme Group
Heme group is a Chemical group that holds onto iron (fe) & Iron holds molecule of oxygen weakly to deliver to tissue
43
Erythrocytes
(Giant bag of hemoglobin) - -> have 280 million hemoglobin - -> short life span (120 days)
44
Dead Erythrocytes
In liver/spleen due to macrophages which break down into: 1. Globulin--> amino Acids 2. Heme-->bilirubin enters small intestine as part of livers bile-->brown poop 3. Iron (fe)-->bind to a protective protein transferrin to recycle into more RBC
45
Hemostasis
Process which a blood vessel is sealed up
46
Normal Blood vessel characteristics
Lumen : Hole through which blood flows Endothelium: simple squamous epithelium --->covered in a eicosanoid called prostacyclin smooth muscle: (vasoconstriction/vasodilation)
47
Prostacyclin
Prevents abnormal coagulation of our platelets
48
Stimulus of hemostasis
Broken blood vessel | not smooth, exposed muscle cells & collagen fibers
49
Hemostasis steps:
1. Vascular Spasm phase 2. Platelet plug phase 3. Coagulation phase
50
Vascular spasm phase
- ->Smooth muscle vasoconstricting to limit blood loss - ->endothelial cells were expressing Eicosanoid (prostacyclin) - stop expressing prostacyclin - start expressing chemicals: smooth muscle contraction
51
Platelet plug phase
(Exposed Connective Tissue due to damage) - exposed collagen fibers bind to a protein called the Von willebrand factor - the Von willebrand factor binds to platelets - platelets change shape & become sticky to form the platelet plug - platelets secrete ADP & Thromboxane (ADP recruits more platelets) (Thromboxane A2 prolong vascular spasms)
52
Coagulation signaling cascade
1. Products of the first enzyme become the reactants of the second. 2. Several steps ] more than 1 place to regulate 3. Enzymes --> signaling can be massive
53
Coagulation phase
Intrinsic pathway *stimulus= damage to inside of blood vessels Extrinsic pathway *stimulus=damage to outside of blood vessels
54
Intrinsic pathway
(12-11-9-8-->10) 1. Platelets release factor XII (12) 2. Factor XII converts inactive XI (11) to Active XI 3. Factor XI converts inactive IX (9) to Active IX 4. Factor IX binds to Ca2 & platelet factor 3 that converts inactive factor VIII (8) to Active factor VIII 5. Factor VIII converts inactive factor X (10) to Active Factor X
55
Extrinsic Pathway
1. Damaged tissue releases thromboplastin binding with factor VII & Ca2 2. converting inactive X to active factor X. 3. Factor X binds to Factor II, factor V, Ca2, & platelet factor 3 to form a prothrombin Activator 4. Prothrombin Activator activates Thrombin 5. Soluble fibrinogen converts to insoluble fibrin Final Step: Factor XIII (13) forms cross link Fibrin creating a net to trap RBC, WBC, & platelets
56
Hemophilia
Genetic disease (error in gene make factor VIII)
57
Coumadin (warfarin)
Inhibits the livers synthesis of: | Factor II, V, VII, IX, X
58
Similarities in cardiac & skeletal
Striations - sarcomeres, z discs, etc. - cross bridge cycling
59
How the Action potential travels in cardiac & skeletal:
*skeletal=initiated by a nervous system *cardiac=AP travels through intercalated discs (gap junctions)
60
Shape of cardiac & skeletal
2. Shape of cell * cardiac=short/branched * skeletal=long/unbranched/many nuclei
61
Cardiac cells Always need:
cardiac cells always need lots of energy & use aerobic respiration, glucose, fatty acids, lactate, and ketone bodies
62
Involuntary vs voluntary/motor system of cardiac & skeletal :
Cardiac= involuntary *autonomic motor system -sympathetic= speeds up heart rate -parasympathetic=lowers heart rate (Both controlled by medulla) Skeletal=voluntary *somatic motor system
63
Calcium location/location of pumps & channels
Myofibers: SR--> Ca pumps, channels Cardiac: 70% calcium pumped into SR 30% calcium is pumped out of cells (Pumps & channel in SR & plasma membrane)
64
Resting length of cardiac & skeletal
Myofibers: Length at which the Actin & Myosin overlapped to create the maximal # of cross bridges through out the contraction. (@ rest = muscles not contracting) Cardiac: when blood has stretched out of the chambers of the heart.

Anatomy Lecture (3 decks)

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