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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 20: Vessels & Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Vessels & Circulation Flashcards

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0
Q

Bulk flow

A

Movement of large volumes of H2O & Solutes by osmosis but also by physical force on blood vessels

2 types: filtration & diffusion

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1
Q

Capillaries:

A

Exchange of gas, nutrients, wastes, & hormones through diffusion. Usually pinocytosis.

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2
Q

Filtration:

A

Bulk flow out of a blood vessel at origin or start of a capillary (near arteries)

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3
Q

Reabsorption:

A

Bulk flow into a blood vessel towards end of capillary

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4
Q

Bulk flow is determined by:

A

1) Hydrostatic Pressure
2) Interstitial Pressure
3) Colloid Osmotic Pressure

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5
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure:

A

Physical pressure of fluid on its structure

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6
Q

Interstitial Pressure:

A

Hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid on the exterior of the blood vessel

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7
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure:

A

Pressure due to the movement of water. Which is determined by the amount of dissolved substances in the fluid (especially protein concentration)

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8
Q

Types of colloid pressure:

A

1) blood colloid osmotic pressure

2) interstitial colloid osmotic pressure

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9
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure:

A
  • lots of dissolved substances (esp. Proteins)

* opposite direction to the blood pressure

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10
Q

Interstitial colloid blood pressure:

A

Few proteins, very low

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11
Q

Net filtration pressure:

A

Difference in hydrostatic pressure & colloid osmotic pressure.

Determines filtration direction & quantity

NFP= (HPb + HPif) - (COPb-COPif)

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12
Q

Difference in hydrostatic pressure =

A

BP-IP

Ip is always very low=0

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13
Q

Difference in colloid osmotic pressure =

A

Bloop Cop - Interstitial Cop

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14
Q

If Net filtration pressure is +

A

= Filtration

Fluid moving out of blood vessels

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15
Q

If net filtration pressure is -

A

=reabsorption

Fluid moving into blood vessels

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16
Q

Difference in hydrostatic pressure of Arterial end of capillary:

A

*BP = 35 mm of Hg (mercury)
-
*IP = 0 mm of Hg (mercury)

Difference in hydrostatic pressure (HP) =35

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17
Q

Arterial end of capillary is:

A

Hypothetical because these values change depending on age & distance from Heart Rest vs. Active

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18
Q

Difference in colloid osmotic pressure at Arterial end of capillary:

A

*Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 26mm Hg
-
*Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure= 5 mm Hg

Difference in colloid osmotic pressure (cop) = 21 mm Hg

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19
Q

At Venous End of Capillary:

A

Blood moves from one end of the capillary to the other end

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20
Q

Net filtration at venous end of capillary:

A

*Difference in HP
BP=16 mm Hg
IP= 0mm Hg
16-0=16

*Difference in colloid osmotic pressure
BP=26 mm Hg
IP= 5 mm Hg
26-5=21

16-21=-5 mm Hg

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21
Q

How many miles of blood vessels?

A

600,000 miles of BV

We don’t have enough blood to fill all BV so body controls blood flow to areas that need it the most.

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22
Q

Local blood flow

A

Blood that is delivered to a specific region

Measured by perfusion

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23
Q

Goal of CV system:

A

Adequate perfusion for all tissues

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24
Degree of vascularization
Amount of blood vessels in a given tissue
25
Angiogenesis
Process in which the body grows new blood vessels
26
Regression
Process by which the body disassembles unneeded blood vessels
27
Local regulator factors that alter blood flow:
Vasoactive chemicals 1) vasodilators 2) vasoconstrictors
28
Vasodilators:
Dilate arterioles and relax precapillary sphincters 1) nitric oxide 2) elevated levels of carbon dioxide, H+/acidity of blood, K+
29
Vasoconstrictors:
Constrict arterioles and close precapillary sphincters 1) prostaglandins & thromboxanes - we've seen in action during hemostasis
30
Blood pressure:
Force per unit area of blood on wall of BV
31
Blood pressure gradient:
Difference in BP from 1 end of BV to the other
32
Total blood flow resting:
= 5.25 L/min
33
Arterial blood pressure:
Blood flow is pulsing in arteries due to ventricular contractions Average in healthy individual = 120/80 mm Hg Highest at ventricular systole, arteries are stretched = systolic pressure Lowest at ventricular diastole, arteries recoil = diastolic pressure
34
Systolic pressure
Arteries are stretched
35
Diastolic pressure
Arteries recoil
36
Pulse pressure:
The additional pressure on arteries when the heart is resting vs contracting Measures elasticity and recoil of arteries SP-DP =120-80 = 40 mm Hg Highest closest to the heart
37
High pulse pressure:
Means arteries are not elastic, not stretching due to atherosclerosis (clogging of arteries)
38
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
DP + PP/3 Describes how well the body is perfused. Need MAP of 70-110 mm Hg Highest closest to the heart
39
If Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is too high/low:
Too much perfusion= edema & kidney damage Too low perfusion= inadequate perfusion
40
Capillary blood pressure:
By the time blood reaches the capillaries--not pulsatile, no fluctuations between systole & diastole
41
Capillary Blood pressure at arterial & venous ends:
Arterial end: 40 mm Hg Venous end: 20 mm Hg
42
Venous blood pressure:
* not pulsatile * 20 mm Hg in venules & 0 mm Hg in veins (BP is insufficient to move blood when standing--need valves in veins) * has two pumps that move blood in veins: 1) skeletal muscle pumps in limbs 2) respiratory pump in thoracic cavity
43
Skeletal muscle pump
* in the limbs | * as muscles contract, they squeeze the blood up the veins while valves prevent back flow
44
Respiratory pump:
* in thoracic cavity | * diaphragm contracts and relaxes increasing and decreasing pressure in both major ventral cavities
45
Resistance:
The amount of friction the blood most overcome as it travels through the blood vessels * opposes blood flow * peripheral resistance--in BV not heart
46
Factors affecting resistance:
1) blood viscosity 2) blood vessel length 3) vessel radius
47
Blood viscosity:
Thickness of blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins. * Thicker= more friction * caused by Anemia, dehydration
48
Blood vessel Length
*obesity creates need for longer vessels
49
Vessel Radius
*narrower vessels have more friction *in terms of friction: arteries < arterioles < capillaries --vasoconstriction/vasodilation can change that
50
5 ways of neural regulation of blood pressure:
CV center of Medulla Oblongota 1) cardiac center 2) Vasomotor center 3) Baroreceptors 4) Chemoreceptors 5) High Brain Centers
51
Cardiac Center:
speeds up/slows down HR and strength of contraction * cardioaccelatory center * cardioinhibatory center
52
Cardioaccelatory Center:
Sympathetic pathways to SA node and myocardium
53
Cardioinhibitory Center:
Parasympathetic pathways to SA node and AV node
54
Vasomotor Center
Sympathetic pathways release E & NE Which causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle & coronary vessels Which caused vasoconstriction in most of the body ESPECIALLY in veins Which causes: 1)increased peripheral resistance raises BP 2)larger circulating blood (shunted away by most of the body)
55
Baroreceptors:
Dendrites in tunica Externa that detects stretch in BV. The firing rate increases when stretch increases (and vice versa) 1)in aorta to detect systematic BP *send info back to CV center through vagus nerve 2)in carotid to detect BP in head and neck *send info back to CV through glossy pharyngeal nerve Low BP: more sympathetic signals increases hearts contraction rate & strength High BP: fewer parasympathetic signals decrease info to more sympathetic signals to increase vasoconstriction/ peripheral resistance
56
Chemoreceptors
Detect high C02, low PH, and very low 02;both activate vasoconstriction 1) Aortic bodies in Aorta 2) Carotid body in Carotid Arteries
57
Higher Brain Centers
Hypothalamus increased BT, exercise
58
Hormonal regulation of blood pressure:
1) Renin-Angiotensin system | 2) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
59
Renin-angiotensin system:
Low BP sensed by kidney or sympathetic stimulation Kidneys release renin enzyme into blood Renin converts angiotensinogen in blood to angiogenesin I. Angiotensin I travels to the lung via blood Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) mostly in lungs converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
60
Angiotensin II's effects/jobs:
1) powerful vasoconstrictor 2) stimulates thirst center 3) decreases urine output 4) signals release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex or anti diuretic hormone from posterior pituitary
61
Aldosterone:
Increase absorption of Na & water in the kidney reducing fluid losses to maintain pressure
62
Antidiuretic Hormone:
Hypothalamus detects, signals pituitary to release increases water absorption in the kidney Also stimulates thirst center Can also cause vasoconstriction in large doses
63
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide:
Released from the heart if too much stretch in walls of heart Stimulates vasodilation Increases urine output
64
Baroceptor in Aorta:
detects systematic BP *send info back to CV center through vagus nerve
65
Baroreceptor in carotid:
Detects BP in head and neck * sends info back to CV through glossopharyngeal nerve
66
Low BP baroreceptor
More sympathetic signals increases hearts contraction rate & strength
67
High BP baroreceptor
Fewer parasympathetic signals decrease info to more sympathetic signals to increase vasoconstriction/ peripheral resistance
68
Blood hydrostatic pressure (BP)
hydrostatic pressure of the blood on the | interior wall of the blood vessel

Anatomy Lecture (3 decks)

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