Chapter 18

Question 1

bourgeoisie

Answer 1

Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant “townspeople.

Question 2

British Royal Society

Answer 2

Association of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of “useful knowledge.”

Question 3

Caste War of Yucatán

Answer 3

Long revolutionary struggle (1847–1901) of the Maya people of Mexico against European and mestizo intruders.

Question 4

caudillo

Answer 4

A military strongman who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America.

Question 5

Crimean War

Answer 5

Major international conflict (1854–1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.

Question 6

dependent development

Answer 6

Term used to describe Latin America’s economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions.

Question 7

Díaz, Porfirio

Answer 7

Mexican dictator from 1876 to 1911 who was eventually overthrown in a long and bloody revolution.

Question 8

The Duma

Answer 8

The elected representative assembly grudgingly created in Russia by Tsar Nicholas II in response to the 1905 revolution.

Question 9

Indian cotton textiles

Answer 9

For much of the eighteenth century, well-made and inexpensive cotton textiles from India flooded Western markets; the competition stimulated the British textile industry to industrialize, which led to the eventual destruction of the Indian textile market both in Europe and in India

Question 10

Labour Party

Answer 10

British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.

Question 11

Latin American export boom

Answer 11

Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes.

Question 12

Lenin

Answer 12

Pen name of Russian Bolshevik Vladimir Ulyanov (1870–1924), who was the main leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Question 13

lower middle class

Answer 13

: Social stratum that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900, this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain’s population.

Question 14

Marx, Karl

Answer 14

The most influential proponent of socialism, Marx (1818–1883) was a German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.

Question 15

Mexican Revolution

Answer 15

Long and bloody war (1911–1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order.

Question 16

middle-class values

Answer 16

Belief system typical of the middle class that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and “respectability.”

Question 17

Model T

Answer 17

The first automobile affordable enough for a mass market; produced by American industrialist Henry Ford.

Question 18

Owens, Robert

Answer 18

: Socialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771–1858) who created an ideal industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland.

Question 19

Peter the Great

Answer 19

Tsar of Russia (r. 1689–1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.

Question 20

populism

Answer 20

Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds.

Question 21

progressivism

Answer 21

American political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to correct the ills of industrialization

Question 22

proletariat

Answer 22

Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population

Question 23

Russian Revolution of 1905

Answer 23

Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country’s defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms

Question 24

socialism in the United States

Answer 24

Fairly minor political movement in the United States, at its height in 1912 gaining 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate.

Question 25

steam engine

Answer 25

Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of the steam engine allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.