chapter 19 Flashcards by Kayla Dysarz

what are the gram reaction, cell shape and arrangement of staph.. aureus

gram positive

circular in clusters

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what is the casual agent of folliculitis

staphylococcus aureus

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what is folliculitis

infection of hair follicles

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if the infection is in the eyelid, it is called ________

sty

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if the infection spreads into surrounding tissues, it is called __________

furuncles

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what is carbuncle

multiple furuncles grow together

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what is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of folliculitis

d- isolation of gram positive bacteria in grape like clusters from pus
t- diclxocillin, vancomycin
p- hand antisepsis, proper procedures in hospitals to minimize MRSA infections

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what is the casual agent of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

staph. aureus

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what is the toxin produced by staph. aureus causing SSSS… skin syndrome

toxins produced by bacteria

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what are the signs and symptoms of SSSS

cells of outer epidermis separate from one another and from underlying tissue
reddening and wrinkling of the skin

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what are the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SSSS

d- outer skin layers peel of in sheets
t- methichillin
p- difficult, bc its already in our body

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what are the causal agents of impetigo(occurs most in children)and erysipelas (mostly in elderly)

staph. aureus

- strep. pyogenes

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what is the gram reaction, cell shape and arrangement of strep. pyogenes

gram positive

spherical (coccus), chain

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which virulence factors of step. pyogens hides the bacteria from phagocytes

hyaluronic acid capsule

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what are the signs and symptoms of impetigo and erysipelas

small flat red patches on face and limbs that develop into pus filled vesicles (impetigo)
reddening of skin on face arms and legs (erysipelas)

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if the infection spreads to lymph nodes, is it impetigo or erysipelas

erysipelas

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what are the actions of the virulence factors of strep. pyogenes?

M. protein- destabilizes aomplement, interferes phagocytosis. Hyaluronic acid capsule - hides bacteria from phagocytosis
pyrogenic toxins-stimulates macrophages and Th cells to release cytokines, which then will trigger inflammation (fever producing)

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what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of impetigo or erysipelas

d- presence of vesicles
t- penicillin
p- proper hygiene and cleanliness

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what is the casual agent of necrotizing fasciitis? why is is called flesh eating?

pathogen: step. pyogens

- bc it will degrade the muscle for its nutrients and source of entry

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what are the signs and symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis

severe pain and swelling
discoloration
large, dark boil-like blisters
visibly dead (necrotic) tissues
fever, nausea, and malaise

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give the virulence factors of strep. pyogenes causing necrotizing fasciitis

deoxyribonuclease- breaks down DNA
streptokinase-breaks blood clot
hyaluronidase-breaks hyaluronic acid 
exotoxin- inhibits proteins synthesis
streptolysin- lyse cells

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what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of necrotizing fasciitis

d- early diagnosis is difficult bc of the symptoms, fast- acting
t- clindamycin, penicillin
p-difficult bc early diagnosis isnt detected quickly

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what is the casual agent of acne

propionibacterium acnes

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what is the gram reaction, cell shape and arrangement, and oxygen requirement of P. acnes

gram positive, tiny rods (bacilli), some strands are anaerobic

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what is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acne

d-visual exam of the skin t- doxycycline and benzol peroxide and others, clear light system p-frequent cleaning of the skin

what is the casual agent of cat scratch disease

cartonelia nenselae | -transmitted by cat bites of scratches

what are the gram reactions, cell shape, and oxygen requirement of B. henselae

gram negative | aerobic

what are the signs and symptoms of cat scratch disease

fever and prolonged malaise | swelling at site of infection and lymph nodes

what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cat scratch disease

d-indirect fluorescent antibody test t- azithromycin p- avoid cat-inflicted wounds, cleaning of bites and scratches

what is the casual agent of pseudomonas infection

pseudomonas aeruginosa

what is the gram reaction and shape of P. aeruginosa

gram negative, rod shaped(bacilli)

what are the signs and symptoms of pseudomonas infection

fever, chills, shock, and sometimes a green color due to pigment , pyocyanin

give the action of the virulence factors of P. aeruginosa. | 1. fimbriae 2. neuramidase 3. capsule 4. exotoxin and endotoxin 5. elastase 6. pyocyanin

1. attachment 2. enhances attachment 3. attachment 4. exo- inhibits protein sythesis, endo- pyrogen 5. destroys elastin 6. forms superoxide radicals and peroxide anions

P. aeruginosa has several virulence factors but rarely cause a disease, why?

bc P. aeruginosa cannot penetrate skin that is intact | it can only effect burns, or cut skin

what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Pseudomonas infection

d- pyocyanin discoloration t- difficult p- infection typically do not occur in healthy persons

what is the casual agents of rocky mountain spotted fever

rickettsia rickettsii

what are the gram reaction, and cell shape of R. richettsii

``` gram negative rod shaped (bacilli) ```

what are the signs and symptoms of RMSF rocky..

non itchy spotted rash on trunk and appendages | *leaking of blood causes the spotted rash

what is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of RMSF rocky

d- serological test t- doxycycline, tetracycline, chloramphenicol(antibiotics) p- use of repellents and avoid tick infested areas

what is the casual agent of cutaneous anthrax

bacillus anthracis

what are the gram reaction cell shape of B. anthracis

gram positive rod shaped (bacilli) facultative anaerobic

what are the signs and symptoms of cutaneous anthrax

itching and lesion eschal (coal black) inflammation death of cells

how is cutaneous anthrax transmitted to humans?

direct skin contact

what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cutaneous anthax

d- visual exam t- ciprufloxacin, penicillin, erythromycin p- vaccination of animals

what is the casual agent of gas gangrene

clostridium perfringens

what are the gram reaction, cell shape and oxygen requirements of gas gangrene

gram positive rod shaped anaerobic

what are the symptoms and signs of gas gangrene

blackening of infected muscle and skin | presence of gas bubbles

what are the virulence factors of C. perfringens

-endospores survive harsh condtions -produce II toxins: lyse RBC, WBC increases vascular permeability kill cells reduce blood pressure

what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of gas gangrene

d- visual exam t- surgery and administration of antitoxin & penicillin p- proper cleaning of wounds

what is the casual agent of small pox

variola virus

how is small pox transmitted to humans

thru respiratory tract= systemic (inhalation)

what are the signs and symptoms of small pox

rash and develops into papules, vesicles and the pustules

what are the stages of poxvirus lesions?

1. macule 2. papule 3. vesicle 4. pustule 5. crust 6. scar

what is the process of small pox

virus multiplies in lungs, then spreads to the live then the spleen and the rest of the body 2 weeks later there will be rashes on the skin

what are the dianosis, treatment, and prevention of small pox

d- visual exam t- no treatment p- vaccination

what is the causal agent of oral herpes lesions

eveloped ds linear DNA

what are the two types of herpes

herpes simplex 1- oral | herpes simple 2- genital

how is oral herpes lesions transmitted to humans

direst contact

what are the signs and symptoms of fever blisters

painful, itchy lesions

what are the sites of latency of HHSV-1 and HHSV-2

brachial ganglia trigeminal nerve ganglia sacral ganglial

what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of herpes

d- visual exam of lesions and serological tests t- no treatment, but it can be controlled by acyclouir ect p- use of latex gloves, abstinence

what is the casual agent of warts

papillomavirus

how are warts transmitted in human body

contact and fomlites

what are the signs and symptoms of warts

benign growth on the epithelium on the skin and mucous mem

different kinds of warts...

seed warts- fingers/ toes plantar- deep in soles of feet flat- trunk, elbows genital- external genitalia

what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of warts

d- visual exam t- removal of warts by various processes p- sexual abstinence for genital warts

what is the casual agent of chickenpox and shingles

varicella zoster virus

how is chicken pox and shingles transmitted to humans

via inhalations (contact transmission)

what are the signs and symptoms of chickenpox and shingles

lesions on back and trunk that spread

what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of chickenpox and shingles

d- visual exam of lesions t- supportive therapy p- vaccination (artificial active)

what is the casual agent of red measles

rubeola virus

how is red measles transmitted in humans

via inhalation

what are the signs and symptoms of red measles

total body skin rash and flu like symptoms fever runny nose cough * presence of Koplik's spots small red spots with blue-white centers inside the mouth

what is the casual agent of German measles

rubella virus

how is german measles transmitted in humans

inhalation

what are the signs and symptoms of german measles

mild rash of pink red macules and fever swollen lymph nodes * mild disease in children

what are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of german measles

d- visual exam and serological tests t- supportive therapy p- vaccination