chapter 15

Question 0

what are 1st and 2nd line of defense called non specific

Answer 0

1st- skin, mucous mem., chemicals

2nd- phagocytosis, complement interferon, inflammation, fever

Question 1

3 main lines of defense

Answer 1

1st line-non specific-innate immunity
2nd line-non specific-innate immunity
3rd line-specific-acquired immunity

Question 2

what is 3rd line of defense called specific

Answer 2

-lymphocytes, antibodies

Question 3

describe the interrelationship btween the defense mechanism

Answer 3

not independent of each other, but work together

Question 4

what composed the 1st line of defense

Answer 4

skin
mucous mem
chemicals
processes= sweat, tears(removes microbes)

Question 5

what characteristics of skin and mucous mem prevent entry of microorganisms in the 1st line..

Answer 5

skin has many layers
fatty acids= low pH of skin
mucous=one to few cell layers

Question 6

compare skin and mucous mem

Answer 6

skin= outer layer cells are dead; inner layer alive and dry, sebum present, cilia not present, no mucous, lysosomes present

mucous mem= cells alive, moist, sebum not present, cilia only in trachea/uterine tubes

Question 7

what are some chemicals present in the skin that are antimicrobial?

Answer 7

-dermacidi, lysosomes

Question 8

name some processes that belong in the 1st line

Answer 8

sweat

crying

Question 9

what are the components of the 2nd line

Answer 9

phagocytosis 
extracellular killing by leukocytes
non specific chemical defenses
inflammation
fever

Question 10

what are the diff kinds of white blood cells? where are they formed?

Answer 10

• basophil(inflammation)
• neutrophil(kill microbes with its enzymes by super oxide hyper-chlorites and nitric acid)
• eosinophil(secrete toxins on parasitic worms)
• monocyte(can leak out blood vessel and become macrophage)

Question 11

what WBCs are involved in phagocytosis

Answer 11

neutrophils
eosinophil
monocyte

Question 12

which WBCs are involved in inflammation

Answer 12

basophils

Question 13

process of phagocytosis

Answer 13

1. chemotoxis of phagocyte to microbe(attached to chemical)
2. adherence(attachment of phagocyte to microbe)
3. ingestion of microbe by phagocytes.. phagolysome is formed
4. digestion of microbe by enzymes
5. elimination(exocytosis)

Question 14

name some phagocytes in human body

Answer 14

lungs- alveolar macrophages, endothelial cells
brain- microgilial cells, endothelial cells, erythrocyte
skin- dendritic cells
liver- kupffer cells

Question 15

what are two types of cells that kill extracellularly

Answer 15

1. eosinophils

2. natural killer lymphocytes(NKcells)

Question 16

what cells mainly attack parasitic helmintns

Answer 16

eosinophils

Question 17

what cells secrete toxins on the surface of virally infected cells and tumors?

Answer 17

NK cells

Question 18

what are the proteins involved in 2nd line

Answer 18

complement system
interferon
defensins

Question 19

what is a complement system

Answer 19

set of system proteins designated numerically according to the order to their discovery

Question 20

what are the actions of the complement system

Answer 20

stimulates opsonization
stimulates inflammation
causes lysis of pathogens

Question 21

what are interferons

Answer 21

protein molecules

Question 22

discuss the action of interferons

Answer 22

-inhibit spread of viral infections
-effective against viruses with RNA genomes
3 actions: alpha- present early
beta- present early
gamma- later in course of infection

Question 23

what are defensins and their actions

Answer 23

punch holes in cytoplasmic mem
interfere with internal signaling
interfere with proteins under heat stress
**in human inflammation increases production of defernsins

Question 24

what is inflammation

Answer 24

response to tissue damage resulting from various causes

Question 25

what are functions of inflammation

Answer 25

characterized by redness, head, swelling, and pain

Question 26

what are two types of inflammation

Answer 26

acute

chronic

Question 27

what is fever

Answer 27

a body temp over 37 degree C

Question 28

what are pyrogens and name some types of pyrogens

Answer 28

-bacterial toxins (interleukin-I)
cytoplasmic content of bacteria released by lysi
anti body antigen complexes

Question 29

what are the benefits of fever

Answer 29

enhances effect of interferons
inhibits growth of some microorganisms
may enhance performance of phagocytes