Chapter 19 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Alsace-Lorraine
French wanted to regain this territory it had lost during a conflict with Germany in 1871
What started WW1?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by Garrilo Princip (member if the “Black Hand” organization who wanted to start a Serbian national movement)
Triple Alliance
Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
later became the Central Powers
Triple Entente
Britain, France, and Russia
later became the Allied Powers
When was war officially declared?
July 28th, 1914
Battle of Marne
Sept 1914- GreatB and France stopped Germany from proceeding to Paris. Western Front.
3 opinions on whether to enter war or not in US
isolationists- US not involved
interventionalists- intervene
internationalists- work toward peace (wilson supported this)
contraband goods
weapons/articles used to fight war were confiscated by belligerent nations (legally by law) [not food or meds]
eventually Germ. started using submarines to sink allied ships, sank Lusitania, angered Americans
Zimmerman Note
A letter from Germany to Mexico, proposing an alliance, if US declared war with Germany, then Mex should attack US and regain its previous territories. US became involved in war.
Causes of war ****
M-Militarism: increase in military preparations means an increase in power and pride
A- Alliances: as more countries agreed to help one another, more became involved in the war. TRIPLE ENTENTE AND TRIPLE ALLIANCE
I- Imperialism: need to expand
N-Nationalism: (jingoism), willing to risk life because you believe your country is superior
convoy
group of merchant ships sailed together, protected by warships (mutual safety at sea)
Russian Revolution
March 1917, overthrew Czar Nicolas II, radical communists (led by Vladimir Lenin) staged rev. and gained control.
March 3rd, 1918- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended war between Russia and Germany
John Pershing
commander of American forces in Europe, fought in 2nd battle of Marne and battle of Cantigny (where they dislodged large Germ. force from fortified positions)
Nov. 11 1918
Germ. surrendered in railway car
14 points
first presented at the versailles peace conference (later-LON presented to congress)
basis: “peace without victory”
Other main points:
self-determination- right of people to choose their own govt
league of nations- place for nations to meet and promote peace
henry cabot lodge
republican foreign policy expert (left behind when wilson went to conference)
reparations
payment for war damage, Germ. had to pay, borrowed from US, gave to brit/france—> had to pay back US for other expenses. US=largest creditor nation
irreconcilables vs reservationists
irreconcilables- isolationist senators who opposed any treaty that has a league of nations in it
reservationists- opposed to the treaty as written
effects of war
influenza: flu that broke out in sept. of 1918, virus that spread throughout the world and killed millions
race riots/competition for jobs- Great migration, then AA’s beat, violence
women had right to vote, jobs, but expected to return to domestic role
inflation-price restrictions from war lifted, high demand-low supply of consumer goods, affects industrial workers and farmers most.
red scare
wave of widespread fear of suspected communists and radicals thought to be plotting a revolution within the US.
arrested and sentenced people to death who were suspected of being against the govt
economy during war
council of national defense- created array of new federal administrative agencies to oversee different phases of the war effort
bernard baruch- headed war industries board (regulated industries involved in war effort), determined cost/location/production of products
Herbert hoover- head of food administration-set prices for food to convince farmers to produce more, asked americans to conserve food in order to send more to the soldiers.
Committee of public information
educate the public about causes and nature of the war.
george creel- director of the CPI, combined education and a widespread advertising campaign to “sell america”.
used speeches, pamphlets, and press releases about america’s war aims and the nature of the enemy
women
jane addams: created women’s peace party, started settlement house
jeanette rankin: (1st woman in HOR) voted against declaration of war
NAWSA dropped initial peace initiatives and supported america’s war goals
