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Cell Biology > Chapter 19: Apoptosis > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Apoptosis Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

how many cell types do humans have?

A

200

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2
Q

metamorphic tissues such as…must be eliminated

A
  • tails
  • gills
  • digit webbing
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3
Q

in the nervous system _____ of early neurons are eliminated

A

50%

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4
Q

the neurons that are selected for survival are the ones that make the

A

proper connections with target cells

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5
Q

in adult tissues apoptosis is responsible for what in tissues that are undergoing cell turnover

A
  • balancing cell proliferation
  • maintaining constant cell #s
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6
Q

what provides a defense mechanism by which damaged/ dangerous cells can be eliminated?

A

apoptosis

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7
Q

damaged/dangerous cells are those that

A
  • have DNA damage
  • are infected by a virus
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8
Q

what are the steps in apoptosis?

A
  1. DNA fragmentation/chromatin condensation
  2. nucleus fragmentation
  3. cell fragmentation - membrane blebbing
  4. apoptotic bodies
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9
Q

cell fragments and apoptotic bodies are recognized and phagocytosed by

A

macrophages & phagocytic cells

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10
Q

how does apoptosis protect the surrounding cells?

A

by keeping all cellular material within a membrane

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11
Q

how do phagocytic cells recognize apoptotic bodies and cell fragments?

A

they recognize phosphatidylserines

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12
Q

what are the 3 gene products that play a key role in regulating and executing apoptosis?

A
  1. ced3
  2. ced4
  3. ced9
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13
Q

ced3 is a prototype of a family of mammalian proteases known as

A

caspases

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14
Q

ceds have ___________ residues in their active site and cleave after _____________ residues.

A
  • cysteine
  • aspartic acid
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15
Q

what are the common targets of ced3

A
  • inhibitors of nuclear DNase
  • lamins
  • cytoskeleton
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16
Q

the mammalian homolog to ced4 is

A

apaf-1

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17
Q

ced4 binds to

A

caspases to promote their activation

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18
Q

the mammalian homolog of ced9 is

A

Bcl-2

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19
Q

members of the Bcl-2 family are both

A

pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic

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20
Q

IAPs are

A

inhibitors of apoptosis proteins

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21
Q

what directly inhibits caspases?

A

IAPs

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22
Q

what are the 5 targets of caspases?

A
  1. ICAD
  2. nuclear lamins
  3. cytoskeleton proteins
  4. golgi matrix proteins
  5. scramblase (PS to cell surface)
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23
Q

what is known as the key activator caspase?

24
Q

caspase 9 is activated as it complexes w/

Study These Flashcards
A

Apaf-1 & cytochrome C

25
caspase 9 cleaves and activates effector caspases such as
caspase 3
26
what are known as the central regulators of apoptosis?
Bcl-2 family
27
Bcl-2 is homologous to
Ced-9
28
Bcl-2 inhibits
apoptosis
29
the discovery of this regulatory of apoptosis focused on the importance of cell survival in cancer..what is it?
Bcl-2
30
what are the 3 functional groups of Bcl-2?
1. antiapoptotic 2. proapoptotic effector 3. proapoptotic BH3-only
31
what are the 2 domains of the antiapoptotic functional group of Bcl-2?
Bcl-2 Bcl-XL
32
what are the 2 domains of the proapoptotic effector functional group of Bcl-2?
Bax Bak
33
what are the 5 domains of the proapoptotic BH3-only function group of Bcl-2?
Bid Bad Noxa Puma Bim
34
under normal cell conditions BH3-only is
inactive
35
under normal conditions antiapoptotic protein remains
bound to proapoptotic protein
36
in apoptotic cells BH3-only interacts w/
antiapoptotic protein activating proapoptotic protein
37
what are the 3 initial signals of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway?
1. Lack of GFs 2. disease/infection 3. cell/DNA damage
38
in mammalian cells death signals induce apoptosis through damage to the
mitochondria
39
what complex releases cytochrome C?
Bak & Bax
40
the Bak & Bax complex is found on the
OM of the MTCH
41
the release of cytochrome C from the MTCH leads to formation of the
apoptosome
42
where is cytochrome C normally sequestered?
in the inner membrane space of the MTCH
43
what components of the apoptosome are cytosolic?
apaf-1 & caspase-9
44
the formation of the apoptosome activates caspase-9 which activates...
caspase-3
45
what are the steps in DNA damage-induced apoptosis?
1. DNA damage activates ATM & Chk2 kinases 2. p53 is phosphorylated 3. p53 activation leads to transcription of BH3-only proteins 4. cell death
46
what is the initial signal of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway?
TNF & other cell death receptors
47
what are the steps in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway?
1. TNF binds to receptor 2. Caspase-8 is activated 3. effector caspases are activated 4. cleaves Bid 5. mobilizes Bax and Bak 6. intrinsic pathway follows
48
what is an example of non-apoptotic cell death?
autophagy
49
autophagy is a mechanism for the gradual turnover of
cell components in normal cells
50
in the state of starvation the degradation of components provides
energy & recycles materials
51
autophagy does not require caspases but rather the
accumulation of lysosomes
52
what is known as programmed cell death in response to infection or DNA damage?
necroptosis
53
TNF signaling leads to cell death by activating
RIPK3
54
RIPK3 phosphorylates
MLKL
55
MLKL complexes disrupt the
plasma membrane causing cell death
56
GFs that signal cell survival bind to
receptor protein-tyrosine kinases
57
activation of P13K leads to formation of
PIP3

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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