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A&P Test 2 > Chapter 19- The heart > Flashcards

Chapter 19- The heart Flashcards

0
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange as part of

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1
Q

Heart location

A

In the thoracic cavity, between the lungs in the mediastinum

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2
Q

Systematic circulation

A

Left side pumps accident oxygenated blood to the rest of the body for gas, nutrients and waste exchange is a part of

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3
Q

Atrium

A

Superior chamber that receives blood

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4
Q

Ventricle

A

Inferior chamber that pumps blood away

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5
Q

Veins

A

Superior Vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Inferior vena cava

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6
Q

Superior & inferior vena cava

A

Deliver deoxygenated blood into right atrium

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7
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Deliver oxygenated blood into the left atrium

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8
Q

Arteries

A

Aorta

pulmonary trunk

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9
Q

Aorta

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle

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10
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Receives the deoxygenated blood from right ventricle

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11
Q

Contains valves-

A

Connected tissue (cusps) that ensure one-way flow

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12
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

No Chordae tendinae

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13
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

No Chordae tendinae

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14
Q

Right atrioventricular valve

A

Tricuspid

with Chordae tendinae

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15
Q

Left atrioventricular valve

A

Bicuspid (or mitral)

With Chordae tendinae

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16
Q

Cardiomyocytes

A

Short branched
with 1 to 2 nuclei
striated

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17
Q

Intercalated disc

A

Cells have extensively folded sarcolemma at the cell to cell junctions

  • Desmosomes
  • gap junctions
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18
Q

Desmosomes

A

Junctions that bind adjacent cells

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19
Q

Gap junctions

A

Channels that allow direct communication between cells

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20
Q

Internal structure of cardio myocytes

A 
Sarcolemma
T tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Myofibrils
Mitochondria
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21
Q

And aerobic metabolism

A

Able to use different types of fuel molecules (fatty acids, glucose, lactic acid) but, requires constant supply of oxygen

22
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Circulatory system of the heart

23
Q

Branch off the ascending aorta

A

Left coronary artery

Right coronary artery

24
Drain into the right atrium
Great cardiac vein Middle cardiac vein Small cardiac vein
25
Atherosclerosis
Formation of Plaques
26
Coronary spasm
Sudden construction of a coronary artery
27
Angina pectoris
Pain caused by the reduced supply of oxygen
28
Myocardial infarction
(heart attack) | Blockage of a coronary artery leading to possible death tissue
29
Fibrous skeleton of the heart
(Dense irregular connective tissue) - provide structural support for walls and valves - place of attachment of cardiac muscle - an electrical insulator that prevents simultaneous contraction of atria & ventricles
30
conduction system
Includes specialized party at muscle cells that initiate and transmit an action potential (electrical signal) to the cardiac muscle cells
31
Contractile cardiac muscle cells
Contract in response to the action potential transmitted along their sarcolemma
32
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Located in the posterior wall of the right atrium | F: initiates heartbeat (pacemaker)
33
Atriventricular (AV) node
Located in the floor of the right atrium
34
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle
Extends through interventricular septum, divides into left and right branches
35
Purkinje fibers
Extend from left and right bundles through the walls of ventricles
36
Initiation of the AP
Nodal cells in SA node initiate heartbeat by generating AP due to: - Na+/K+ pumps, K+ & Na+ leak channels (establish RMP at -60 mV) - Ca2+ pumps that create calcium Gradient with more outside the cell - slow V-gated Na+ channels, fast v-gated Ca2+ channels, & v-gated K+ channels (Carry out AP)
37
Skeletal muscle cell RMP neuron RMP
- 95mV | - 70mV
38
Reaching threshold
Slow voltage gated Na+ channels open Membrane potential (MP) changes: -60 to -40
39
Depolarization
Fast voltage gated Ca2+ channels open MP changes: -40 to above 0 Fast voltage gated Ca2+ close
40
Repolarization
Voted gated K+ channels open MP returns to -60 mV K+ channels close
41
Comparison of Nodal cells and neurons
-do not have a stable resting membrane potential (RMP) gradually decreasing to the threshold without stimulation termed pacemaker potential
42
Depolarization occurs with entrance of...
Ca2+ into cells (unlike neurons)
43
Autorythmicity
Ability to depolarize and fire action potential spontaneously
44
Transmission of the AP
spreading, passing, or conduction of AP) in a highly organized manner
45
1 Generated in the SA node AP spreads and causes
simultaneous contraction of the atrial myocardium
46
2 AV node causes a 0.1 second delay before...
Transmitting AP to the AV bundle
47
3 The AV bundle transmits the AP
Left and right bundle branches | -> purkinje fibers
48
4 The AP spreads throughout ventricular myocardium leading to the...
simultaneous contraction of the ventricles (Bottom -> up) Hand pray squeeze
49
Innervation of the heart
-While the heartbeat is initiated by the SA node (hearts own conduction system) the heart rate and the strength of contraction are regulated by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic increased, parasympathetic decrease)
50
Cardiac center
``` (In medulla) -Receives and reflexively response of the info from chemo receptors (with CO2 and H+ levels) baroreceptors (blood pressure changes) -To maintain homeostasis ```
51
Heartbeats very ____ sec = HR ___ beats/min
0.8 75
52
Inherent rhythm
(set by the SA nodal cells) is faster - 100 beats/min
53
Slow rate is due to _________ simulation by vagus nerve, ________
Parasympathetic Vagal tone

A&P Test 2 (6 decks)

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