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KIN Exam 4 > Chapter 19 - The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - The Heart Flashcards

0
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Right side receives oxygen poor blood from body and pumps it to lungs
Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

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1
Q

The Heart

A 
Is a muscular double pump with two functions
pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit
atria
ventricles
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2
Q

Systemic circuit

A

left side reveives oxygen rich blood from lungs and pumps it to body
Vessels that transport blood to and from body tissues

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3
Q

Atria

A

Receiving chambers of heart (2)

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4
Q

Ventricles

A

pumping chambers of heart (2)

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5
Q

Location/Orientation of Heart

A

Weights < 1 pounds
Thorax, posterior to sternum, superior surface of diaphragm
Specifically located in the mediastinum (region between the lungs/pleural cavities)
Oblique position
Apex (point) is left of the midline and anterior to the rest of the heart
Base is broad posterior surface

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6
Q

Structure of the Heart

A

Coverings

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7
Q

Coverings

A

Pericardium

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8
Q

Pericardium

A

3 layered sac that encloses the heart
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium

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9
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Outer layer (dense CT)

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10
Q

Serous pericardium

A 
Deeper 2 layers
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium) 
pericardial cavity
pericarditis
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11
Q

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

A

Adheres to surface of fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

Visceral layer of serous pericardium/epicardium

A

lies on the heart; is considered part of the heart wall

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13
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Lies between the two layers, contains serous fluid

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14
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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15
Q

Layers of the Heart Wall

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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16
Q

Epicardium

A

Superficial layer (aka visceral layer of serous pericardium), serous membrane

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17
Q

Myocardium

A

cardiac muscle, contracts

Cells are arranged in circular/spiral networks called bundles

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18
Q

Endocardium

A

Sheet of endothelium resting on thin CT layer, lines the chambers and covers the valves

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19
Q

Chambers of the Heart

A

4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles

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20
Q

Atria

A

Blood comes into heart via atria
Walls are thinner than ventricles
Contract and push blood into ventricles simultaneously
Separated by interatrial septum (not permeable)

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21
Q

Ventricles

A 
Are thicker (especially left side)
Separated by interventricular septum
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22
Q

Right Atrium

A

Receives systemic oxygen poor blood via three veins: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
Opens into right ventricle via tricuspid valve (aka right AV valve)

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23
Q

Right auricle (external)

A

Flap that projects to the left

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24
2 portions of internal atrium
Posterior part Anterior part Separated by crista terminalis
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Posterior part of internal atrium
has smooth walls
26
Anterior part of internal atrium
has pectinate muscles
27
Crista terminalis
C-shaped ridge important for locating sites where veins enter
28
Right Ventricle
Receives blood from right atrium and pumps it to lungs via pulmonary trunk then arteries Forms most of anterior surface of heart (external)
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Internal structures of Right Ventricle
Trabeculae carneae Papillary muscles Chordae tendineae
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Trabeculae carneae
muscle ridges
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Papillary muscles
cone-shaped muscles that project from wall
32
Chordae tendineae
Project superiorly from papillary muscles to valve flaps of tricuspid valve
33
Valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary semilunar valve (aka pulmonary valve)
34
Left Atrium
Makes up most of base, receives oxygen rich blood from lungs via pulmonary veins (2 on right, 2 on left) Auricle is external on anterior side Pectinate muscles line auricle only; rest of inside is smooth Opens into left ventricle via the mitral (bicuspid) valvue (left AV valve)
35
Left Ventricle
Forms apex of heart, pumps blood systemically SImilar to right ventricle, with trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles and chordae tendineae Sends blood to body via aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve)
36
Valves of the Heart
``` AV valves (atrioventricular) Semilunar valves ``` Function: to prevent backflow of blood
37
AV valves
Between atria and ventricles (there are 2) Right side valve is known as tricuspid or right AV Left side is known as bicuspid, left AV, or mitral
38
Semilunar valves
Both have 3 cusps Between ventricles and vessels leaving the heart (arteries) Right side is between right ventricle and pulmonary artery (right semilunar or pulmonary valve) Left side is between left ventricle and aorta (called left semilunar or aortic valve)
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Contraction
systole
40
Relaxtion
Diastole
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Heartbeat
atrial contraction followed by ventricle contraction
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Lub
closing of AV valves at beginning of ventricular systole
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Dup
closing of semilunar valves at end of ventricular systole
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Blood Flow through the Heart
``` SVC/IVC/Coronary sinus Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulmonary trunk Lungs Pulmonary veins Left atrium Mitral Valve Left Ventricle Aortic semilunar valve Aorta Body SVC/IVC/Coronary Sinus ```
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Fibrous Skeleton
``` Made of dense CT Anchors valve cusps Prevents valves from opening too far Muscle insertion for cardiac bundles Blocks spread of electrical impulses directly from atria to ventricles ```
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Electrical COnduction
Measure by EKG | Cardiac cells have ability to contract on their own, but signal usually starts with the pacemaker (SA node)
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Conduction pathway
``` SA node Internodal pathway AV node Atrioventricular bundle Left/Right bundle branches Purkinje fibers ```
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SA node
sinoatrial Considered the pacemakes, beats 70-80 bpm Located in superior/posterior wall of right atrium Produces signal that spreads electrical impulse across both atria Valves are open
49
Internodal Pathway
Some impulses spread through this area on the way to AV node
50
AV node
atrioventricular Located at inferior aspect of interatrial septum Delays impulse so that atria contract first and ventricles finish filling
51
Atrioventricular bundle
Located in interventricular septum (top)
52
Left/Right bundle branches
Branches from atrioventricular bundle, take signal to apex of hearth
53
Purkinje fibers
Approach apex and turn into ventricular walls, located in between endocardium and myocardium Are special cells (Purkinje myocytes) that maximize signal conduction
54
Vagus nerves
Act on parasympathetic innervation to SA and AV nodes, also coronary vessels
55
Blood Supply to/from the Heart
Blood inside chambers doesn't supply heart muscle itself Right and left coronary arteries branch off of aorta to serve heart Left coronary artery branches into anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery - supplies left atrium and ventricles Right conronary artery branches into marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery - supplies right atrium and almost all of right ventricle Cardiac veins return deoxygenated blood (coronary sinuse is largest
56
Heart Disorders
Coronary Artery Diseases Heart Failure (weakening of the heart) Conduction system disorders
57
Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD)
``` Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis Coronary Artery Disease Myocardial Infarction (Silent) Ischemia ```
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Atherosclerosis
Fatty deposits accumulate in body's arteries
59
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening/loss of elasticity of the arteries for any reason
60
Coronary Artery Disease
Arteries supplying the heart are blocked or narrowed (consequence of atherosclerosis)
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Angina pectoris
chest pain due to low oxygen supply to heart muscles
62
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Heart attack; complete or prolonged coronary artery blockage (cardiac muscle cells die due to lack of oxygen)
63
(Silent) Ischemia
Heart blood flow is interrupted, but there is no pain involved
64
Heart Failure
Congestive heart failure | Weakening of the heart
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Congestive heart failure
Heart enlarges and pumping efficiency decreases
66
Conduction system disorders
Arrhythmia
67
Arrhythmia
Variation from normal rhythm of heartbeat | Fibrilation
68
Fibrilation
Atrial or ventricular fibrillation | Conduction system is disturbed

KIN Exam 4 (4 decks)

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