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KIN Exam 4 > Chapter 17 - The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - The Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Endocrinology

A

The study of hormones and endocrine glands

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1
Q

Endocrine System Overview

A

Series of ductless glands that secrete hormones
Hormones travel to regions of the body and signal physiological responses
Cooperates with nervous system
-nervous = faster activity
-endocrine = slower response but effect usually lasts longer
Endocrine organs and hormones = system

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2
Q

Exocrine

A 
Have ducts
Secrete onto body surface or into cavity
Secretions travel directly onto target
Secretions are usually fluids, lubricants, enzymes
	ex. sweat, salivary, mucous
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3
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

DUCTLESS
Secrete hormones
Function is regulation, homeostasis
Hormones dumped right into bloodstream, act on target cells

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4
Q

Endocrine Organs Classifications

A

Pure Endocrine organs
Endocrine organs belonging to other body systems
Other

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5
Q

Pure endocrine organs

A 
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal gland
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6
Q

Endocrine organs belonging to other body systems

A

Pancreas
Thymus
Gonads
Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Other Endocrine organs

A

Organs that can also secrete hormones
Heart
Digestive Tract

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8
Q

Hormone classes

A 
Amino acid (protein)
Steroid (lipid)
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9
Q

Hormone Action

A

Circulate through bloodstream and affect only the target cells (have receptors)
Hormones themselves are just triggers

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10
Q

How hormones control secretion

A

Humoral stimuli
Neural stimuli
Hormonal stimuli
Feedback loops (Negative and Positive)

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11
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

Respond to changing levels of ions/nutrients in blood

ex. parathyroid gland

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12
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Respond to nervous system

ex. adrenal medlla

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13
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Respond to hormones from other glands

ex. hypothalamus

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14
Q

Negative Feedback loop

A

More hormone secreted if levels drop

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15
Q

Positive Feedback loop

A

More hormone secreted if levels increase

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16
Q

Pituitary Gland (hypophysis)

A

9 major hormones, from 2 different portions all are protein hormones
Small, round structure
Hangs on stalk below hypothalamus; stalk is called infundibulum
2 separate glands, anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis)
-Adnohypophysis is controlled by hypothalamus, which secretes peptide hormones (releasing factors) that signal the hormone release (inhibiting factors can also be released).

The hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis, which controls the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads

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17
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior pituitary gland, ventral portion under hypothalamus
Secrete: hormones that regulate growth and secretion of other glands, tissues (called TROPIC hormones/stimulating hormones)
ex. GH, MSH, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin
Target: other endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal, gonads)

The hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis, which controls the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads
Effect: Generally stimulates tissue growth and gland secretion, essential for growth, development, maturation

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18
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Regulates growth of all body cells, promotes cell division

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19
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Causes darkening of skin by stimulating melanin

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20
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

In females, it regulates monthly development of follicle and egg and secretion of estrogen
In males, it stimulates testes to create sperm

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21
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Works together with FSH
In females, helps bring about ovulation, formation of progesterone
In males, it stimulates testosterone development and secretion

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22
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin)

A

Regulates thyroid gland, but hypothalamus also partially controls

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23
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Promotes functioning of adrenal cortex

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24
Prolactin
Secreted in both males and females, but functions more in females after birth-responsible for milk production
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Neurohypophysis
Posterior pituitary gland; dorsal, is considered part of the brain - has nervous tissue Secretes: ADH & Oxytocin
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ADH
Antidiuretic hormone, or vasopressin Kidney = helps to retain water (decrease urine flow) Blood vessels = constricts (increases BP)
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Oxytocin
``` Uterus = contractions, delivery Breasts = lactation ```
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Thyroid Gland
Locations: In the anterior neck, inferior to the larynx - just below Adam's apple; wraps around front of trachea, has 2 lobes connected by the isthmus - many blood vessels around it Secretions: TH (T4 & T3), & Calcitonin Targets: almost all body tissues Effects: Increase metabolic rate, stimulate protein synthesis
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Thyroid Hormone
T3 = Thyroxine T4 = Triiodothyronine Peptide hormone which contains iodine, needed for function NOTE: Pituitary gland releases TSH, which signals release of TH
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Calcitonin
Targets bones | Retains calcium, inhibits osteoclasts (decreases blood calcium, keeps calcium in bones)
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Parathyroid glands
Location: 4 tiny glands at top and bottom of posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland (superior and inferior pair on each lateral lobe of thyroid) Secretion: parathyroid hormone (PTH) Targets: bone: increase calcium release & increase osteoclast activity - opposite the effect of calcitonin small intestine: increases Ca absorp kidneys: decreases Ca excretion NET EFFECT: Increases calcium in bloodstream, decreases amount in bones
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Protein hormone made by chief cells
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Net effect of parathyroid glands
Increase Ca in bloodstream | Decrease Ca in bones
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Adrenal glands (2 parts)
Adrenal cortex | Adrenal medulla
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Adrenal cortex
bulk of adrenal gland, controlled by ACTH from anterior aituitary Secretes over 30 hormones called corticosteroids Location: cortex (outer portion) Secretes: mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids (steroid hormones) Targets: cortisol targets liver, muscles (inc glucose metabolism), aldosterone targets kidney (inc Na retention, water follows - thus inc blood volume)
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Mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
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Glucocorticoids
cortisol
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Adrenal medulla
Controlled by sympathetic nervous system Location: inside portion of gland Secrete: epinephrine and NE (catecholamines) Target: all sympathetic mass activation, hormonal effect lasts longer (10X longer) - fight or flight response
39
Pineal Gland
Shaped like a pine cone Function not well understood in humans Location: roof of 3rd ventricle, dorsal to thalamus, dorsal/superior to midbrain (basically is straight back from the eyes) Secrete: melatonin (NOT MELANIN) Target: hypothalamus Effect: Helps regulate circadian rhythms, sleep (inc secretion in dark)
40
Pancreas
Is BOTH an endocrine and exocrine gland Location: posterior abdominal wall, middle-left side (stomach is superior to it, transverse colon is inferior to it, kidneys are dorsal to it) Secrete (protein hormones): Pancreatic islets, glucagon, insulin Target: glucagon signals liver to release glucose from stored glycogen; insulin signals liver to store glucose as glycogen
41
Pancreatic islets
Islets of Langerhans Responsible for endocrine function -2 types: alpha and beta
42
Glucagon
Helps to release fuel into bloodstream | Comes from alpha islet cells
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Insulin
Helps to store glucose/fuel (decreases the amount in bloodstream) Comes from beta islet cells THUS insulin is released in a HYPERglycemic state and has a HYPOglycemic effect
44
Thymus
Location: farther down trachea from thyroid, rests on top of pericardial sac in the mediastinum (base of neck) - in front of aorta, behind sternum Secrete: Thymic hormone Target: lymphoid tissues (especially nodes) Effect: Increase lymphocyte production, especially T cells - helps maintain immunity - gland is much larger in children, regresses in size after puberty
45
Thymic hormone
Thymosin & Thymopoietin | Peptide hormone
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Gonads (male and female)
testes & ovaries BOTH sex steroid groups are produced in BOTH sexes
47
Ovaries
Location: upper pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus, oval-shaped Secrete: not purely endocrine gland - also produces eggs cells ,estrogen, progesterone (steroids)
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Estrogen
steroid Targets: most body tissues Effects: growth & development, sex drive
49
Progesterone
Steroid Target: uterus Effect: endometrial proliferation in pregnancy (prep uterus for implantation)
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Testes
Location: scrotum Secrete: androgens (steroids; primarily testosterone) Not purely endocrine - produces sperm Target: Most body tissue Effect: growth and development, sex drive
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Heart
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) decreases excess blood volume, high BP, and high Na concentration Stimulates kidney to increase salt secretion
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GI Tract
Stomach and Intestines Gastrin, Secretin, CCK, GIP Target/effect: secretions and activity of GI Tract
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Gastrin
Release by stomach | Stimulates HCl
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Secretin
Released by small intestine | Stimulates water and bicarbonate secretion in pancreatic juice
55
CCK
cholecystokinin Released by small intestine Stimulates gallbladder, pancreatic juices
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GIP
Gastroinhibitory peptide Released by small intestine Inhibits gastric emptying, acid secretion
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Placenta
Influences pregnancy
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Kidneys
Secrete erythropoietin | Target/effect: red bone marrow, stimulates RBC production
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Skin
Precursor to vitamin D is produced by modified cholesterol molecules after exposure to UV light (Vitamin D is fully activated by liver), signals calcium absorption from small intestine (needed for bones)
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Pituitary Endocrine System Disorders
Gigantism | Acromegaly
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Gigantism
Tumor causes hypersecretion of GH in children (extreme tallness)
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Acromegaly
Excessive GH secretion after epiphyseal growth plates fuse | Enlargement of hands, feet, face
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pancreas endocrine system disorders
Diabetes mellitus
64
Diabetes mellitus
Insufficient insulin OR inability of cells to react to insulin (blood sugar is high) Type 1: need insulin injected Type 2: "adult onset" reduced insulin sensitivity
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Thyroid Endocrine System Disorders
Graves' disease Hypothyroidism Goiter
66
Graves' disease
Oversecretion of thyroid hormone (elevated metabolic rate, rapid HR, sweating, etc)
67
Hypothyroidism
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone (low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy, etc)
68
Goiter
Enlarged thyroid gland due to lack of iodine.

KIN Exam 4 (4 decks)

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