chapter 1b

Question 1

What is the trachea?

Answer 1

Windpipe, carries air from the mouth and nose to the lungs

Question 2

What are the lungs?

Answer 2

Pair of large, spongy organs optimised for gas exchange between our blood and the air

Question 3

What is the bronchi?

Answer 3

tube leading from trachea to each lung, carry air

Question 4

What are bronchioles?

Answer 4

Airways in the lungs that lead air from the bronchi to the alveoli.

Question 5

What is the alveoli?

Answer 5

Many tiny air sacs in the lungs which allow for rapid gas exchange

Question 6

What is alveoli surrounded by?

Answer 6

network of capillaries

Question 7

What is gaseous exchange?

Answer 7

The delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs. Takes place by diffusion, CO2 and O2 move down a concentration gradient from a high to low concentration. O2has a high concentration in the alveoli, so diffuses into the capillaries (forms oxyhemoglobin) . CO2 has a high concentration in the capillaries, so diffuses into the alveoli

Question 8

What structured does air pass through as it moves from the mouth to the alveoli?

Answer 8

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 9

What is the function of cilia?

Answer 9

Catch particles or dust, which are then removed by coughing

Question 10

Function of cartilage rings

Answer 10

keeps trachea open

Question 11

What is haemoglobin?

Answer 11

a globular protein which is an oxygen-carrying pigment found in red blood cells, makes the blood red. Haemoglobin is a two-way respiratory carrier, transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and facilitating the return transport of carbon dioxide

Question 12

What is oxyhaemoglobin?

Answer 12

A chemical formed when haemoglobin bonds to oxygen

Question 13

Define inspiration

Answer 13

intake of air into lungs, caused by increasing volume of chest cavity

Question 14

Define expiration

Answer 14

expulsion of air from lungs, caused by reducing volume of chest cavity

Question 15

What are the pectoral and sternocleidomastoid muscles?

Answer 15

The muscles which contract to furhter increase the size of the chest cavity AT EXERCISE , allowing more air to enter during respiration

Question 16

What are the abdominal muscles?

Answer 16

The muscles which help force air out of the lungs and so speed up expiration

Question 17

What is tidal volume?

Answer 17

The volume of air breathed in (or out) during a normal breath at rest rate

Question 18

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 18

The additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume

Question 19

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 19

The additional air that can exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume

Question 20

What is residual volume?

Answer 20

the volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

Question 21

What is the pathway of air?

Answer 21

nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli/capillaries, lungs, blood

Question 22

What factors help the process of diffusion?

Answer 22

-the alveoli are very small, large SA for the exchange of gas
- the surface of alveoli and walks of capillaries are very thin, also helps with gas exchange
- alveoli and capillaries are touching each other, short distance for diffusion
- each alveolus is surrounded by a network of blood capillaries, rich supply of gas and blood to diffuse into/from

Question 23

Name the breathing muscles

Answer 23

diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals

Question 24

name the breathing muscles used to expire air during exercise

Answer 24

Abdominals

Question 25

name the breathing muscles used to inspire air during exercise

Answer 25

pectorals and sternocleidomastoid muscles

Question 26

How is air expired during rest?

Answer 26

the diaphragm and intercostals relax and the chest cavity returns to its normal/resting size

Question 27

What is a spirometer?

Answer 27

instrument used to measure respiratory volumes and lung capacities

Question 28

Which lung volume is used to increase the amount of air breathed in?

Answer 28

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 29

What is the name of the amount of air left in the lungs after a full expiration?

Answer 29

residual volume

Question 30

Define artery

Answer 30

Artery- blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart, blood is at highest pressure here, elastic and have a pulse (stretch as blood surges through and then return to normal, shape)

Question 31

Define vein

Answer 31

a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart, contain valves to prevent back flow of blood, no pulse

Question 32

Define capillaries

Answer 32

Very thin blood vessels with thin walls, allow gas exchange to happen and link arteries and veins

Question 33

What is vasoconstriction?

Answer 33

Reducing the diameter of small arteries to reduce blood flow to tissues

Question 34

What is vasodilation?

Answer 34

Increasing the diameter of small arteries to increase blood flow to tissues

Question 35

What is the function of elastic tissue in arteries?

Answer 35

Recoil/return to shape and maintain blood pressure

Question 36

Why are capillaries thin walled?

Answer 36

allow diffusion

Question 37

Define atria

Answer 37

Upper chambers of the heart that collect blood from the veins

Question 38

Define ventricles

Answer 38

Lower chambers of the heart which pump blood out of the heart to the arteries

Question 39

Define cardiac cycle

Answer 39

Sequence of events when the heart beats

Question 40

Define diastole

Answer 40

Term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycld

Question 41

Define systole

Answer 41

Term used to describe the contraction phase of the cardiac cycel

Question 42

What happens in the diastole?

Answer 42

ventricles relax and fill with blood

Question 43

What happens in the systole?

Answer 43

ventricles contract and blood pumps to the arteries

Question 44

Describe what happens in the cardiac cycle

Answer 44

1. Ventricles relax, atria contract-blood flows to ventricles so ventricular pressure increases 2. Ventricles contract, atria relax-ventricular pressure increases further, AV (atrioventricular) valves close, SL valves open + blood forced out into arteries 3. Ventricles relax, atria relax-SL valves close, atria start to fill + atrial pressure increases until AV valves open so blood flows passively into ventricles REPEAT

Question 45

What is cardiac output?

Answer 45

Volume of blood ejected by the heart per min

Question 46

What is cardiac output formula?

Answer 46

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

Question 47

How can heart rate be increased?

Answer 47

Usually increases before exercise due to the expectation of exercise (anticipatory rise)

Question 48

How can stroke volume be increased?

Answer 48

By the heart contracting with more force and so pushing more blood out with each beat

Question 49

What is the function of the heart (atrioventricular) valves?

Answer 49

prevent backflow of blood

Question 50

Describe the passage of blood from the right atrium to the lungs

Answer 50

From right atrium; through atrioventricular valve; to right ventricle; systole; through pulmonary artery to lungs.

Question 51

Describe the passage of blood from the lungs to the left ventricle

Answer 51

From lungs through pulmonary veins; into left atrium; through atrioventricular valves; to left ventricle.

Question 52

What is stroke volume?

Answer 52

Volume of blood leaving the heart per beat

Question 53

How is air inspired at rest

Answer 53

contraction of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles, which increase the volume of the chest cavity and decrease air pressure inside, drawing air into the lungs