chapter 2

Question 1

why is staining used

Answer 1

to create contrast
to differentiate between different types not cells
cells are transparent
to show diff structures

Question 2

differences between LM AND EM

Answer 2

EM- vacuum, x500,000 mag , specimens dead, uses beam of electrons
LM- no vacuum x2000 mag, living or dead, uses light

Question 3

what is chromatic aberration

Answer 3

unable to bring all wavelengths of color together

Question 4

what is a cell theory

A,B,B,C,C,D,E

Answer 4

both plant and animal tissue is composed of cell
cells are the basic unit of life
cells only develop from existing cells

Question 5

what is magnification

Answer 5

is how many times larger the image than the actual size of the image being viewed

Question 6

what is resolution

Answer 6

ability to see individual objects as separate entities

Question 7

magnification= ?

Answer 7

size of image/ actual size of object

Question 8

scientific drawings need?

Answer 8

include a title
state magnification
use sharp pencil
uses as much paper as possible
smooth continuous lines
do not shade 
no arrow heads

Question 9

what is a dry mount

Answer 9

solid specimen cut into very thin slices with a sharp blade called sectioning specimen placed onto centre of slide and cover slip placed onto of sample

e.g: hair pollen dust , muscle tissue viewed in this way

Question 10

wet mount

Answer 10

specimen suspended in liquid such as water or emersion oil cover slip placed an angle eg. aquatic samples viewed

Question 11

what is squash slide

Answer 11

wet mount then lease tissue used gently press down cover slip. using squash slides good techniques for soft samples. care need to be taken cover slip to broken eg root tip squashes used to look at cell division

Question 12

what is smear slides

Answer 12

edge of a slide used to smear sample creating thin veneer coating on another slide cover slip placed angle 45 degrees

Question 13

what is diffraction

Answer 13

bending of light passes close to edge of object

Question 14

what is fixing

Answer 14

chemical like formaldehyde preserve specimens in near natural state as possible

Question 15

what is sectioning

Answer 15

specimens dehydrated with alcohols placed in mold to form a hard block

Question 16

what is mounting

Answer 16

specimen secured to micro scope slide and cover slip ontop

Question 17

how can resolution be increased

Answer 17

using beams of electrons

Question 18

transmen

Answer 18

beams of electrons transmitted through a specimen and focused to produce an image
2D
0.5nm x 500,000

Question 19

sem

Answer 19

beams of e- sent across surface of specimen reflected electrons collected
3D
3-10nm
x 500,000

Question 20

prep for TEM in EM

Answer 20

set in resin may be stained again

Question 21

prep for SEM in EM

Answer 21

expose inside coated with heavy metal

Question 22

what is artifact

Answer 22

appear in EM and LM bubbles get trapped under cover slip or distortion of organelles

Question 23

what is fluorescence

Answer 23

absorption and re radiation of light

Question 24

what is beam splitter

Answer 24

dichroic mirror only reflects one wavelength but allows other wavelengths

Question 25

what is a histone

Answer 25

DNA associate with proteins called histones to form a complex chromatin , coils and condenses to form chromosomes

Question 26

inner membrane of mitochondria and fluid interior name

Answer 26

IM= cristae

\fluid interior= matrix

Question 27

what is vacuole

Answer 27

maintains turgor, contains cell sap, membrane is called tonoplast

Question 28

what is chloroplast

Answer 28

responsible for photosynthesis in plants
found in leaf stems
fluid enclosed is stroma
internal network of membranes called thylakoids
thylakoids stacked together called granum (plural graina)
graina joined by membranes called lamella

Question 29

do chloroplast make their own proteins

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

what is ribosomes

Answer 30

70s in prokaryotic

80s eukaryote

Question 31

what is flagella

Answer 31

process of chemosmosis from not ATP from eukaryotic cells
flagellum attached to cell membrane of bacterium bu basal body rotated by molecular motor
whip like movement

Question 32

size of endosymbiosis

Answer 32

mitochondria and chloroplasts 70s