Chapter 2

Question 1

What is Ataxia?

Answer 1

failure of muscular coordination and balance due to damage to the cerebellum

Question 2

How does brain plasticity compensate for the underdeveloped cerebellum

Answer 2

through the cerebral cortex functioning more efficiently

Question 3

what happen if there is no stimuli to the brain

Answer 3

brain cannot orient the body and direct it to produce appropriate behavior

Question 4

which part of the brain contains the most neuron

Answer 4

cerebellum

Question 5

why is it that dog are able to perceive higher sound pitch than humans?

Answer 5

perceptual world construct by the dog brain differs from humans

Question 6

why is there subjective difference in brain of different animals

Answer 6

allowing different animals to exploit different features in their environments

Question 7

what did evolution create to equip a species with a view of the world that helped it survive?

Answer 7

adaptations

Question 8

what does it meant by the brain being plastic?

Answer 8

connections among neurons in a given functional system are can change in response to experiance

Question 9

what happen to the cortical region that takes part when we acquire new skills?

Answer 9

the cortical region taking part can increase in size to accommodate for the new skills

Question 10

what does it mean by neuroplasticity

Answer 10

NS fundamental potential to physically or chemically modify itself in response to changing environment and compensates for age related changes and injury

Question 11

neuroplasticity is part of a larger biological capacity called?

Answer 11

phenotypic plasticity - individual capacity to develop a range of phenotype

Question 12

what does epigenetic factors do?

Answer 12

they influence how genes are inherited from parents express specific traits

Question 13

what compromise of CNS

Answer 13

brain and spinal cord

Question 14

what compromise of somatic nervous system (SNS)

Answer 14

spinal and cranial nerve which carry info TO the CNS from sensory receptors

Question 15

what compromise of autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 15

rest and digest; fight or flight

Question 16

what compromise of enteric nervous system (ENS)

Answer 16

neurons embedded in lining of gut which controls the gut. Can communicate with CNS via ANS but mostly operates autonomously

Question 17

describe afferent and efferent

Answer 17

afferent is info coming into CNS while efferent is info leaving the CNS

Question 18

brain body orientation. Describe, dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral, anterior, posterior

Answer 18

dorsal - structure atop or within brain
ventral, structures towards the bottom of the brain of parts of the brain
medial- structure towards the brain midline
lateral - structure located towards the side
anterior - front
posterior - back

Question 19

what is meninges

Answer 19

triple layer protective covering of fibrous tissue that is attached to the skull

Question 20

name the 3 layers of meninges

Answer 20

outer - dura mater
middle - arachnoid membrane
inner - pia mater

Question 21

where does the cerebrospinal fluid reside and what is it for?

Answer 21

in the meninges b/w arachnoid membrane and pia mater. Acts as a shock absorber. Also makes the brain buoyant so that it is 1/30 of its actual mass

Question 22

what is meningitis

Answer 22

infection in the meninges and CSF

Question 23

what is encephalitis

Answer 23

infection to the brain

Question 24

what is hemispherectomy?

Answer 24

surgical removal of infected brain hemisphere

Question 25

what is cerebral cortex, gyri and suki

Answer 25

cc - outer layer of brain | gyri - is bumps and suki is cracks of the brain

Question 26

describe function of the 4 main parts of the brain

Answer 26

frontal lobe - executive functions such as decision making and voluntary movement parietal lobe - directing movement occipital lobe - visual temporal lobe - hearing, facial recognition and emotional processing

Question 27

what does the brainstem do?

Answer 27

responsible for critical function of life including heart rate, breathing, sleeping and eating

Question 28

what are the 3 major arteries that sends blood to the brain

Answer 28

anterior, middle and posterior

Question 29

what is stroke?

Answer 29

blockage or break in cerebral artery resulting severely reduced blood flow

Question 30

what are the 2 type of stroke?

Answer 30

ischemic stroke - blood vessels is blocked and results in failure to deliver oxygen hemorrhagic stroke is burst vessel bleeding into brain - similar to the other but it also exposed neurons directly to toxic effect of hemoglobin (high level of iron)

Question 31

how do you treat ischemic stroke?

Answer 31

medication of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) which helps prevent clotting

Question 32

what are the difference b/w gray and white matter of the brain

Answer 32

grey - forms connection among cells white - collects and process information

Question 33

the brains 4 ventricles are filled with CSF made by a network of blood vessels called?

Answer 33

choroid plexus

Question 34

what happen if there is a chemical change to CSF

Answer 34

dizziness and fainitng

Question 35

what is the corpus callosum

Answer 35

it connects the 2 midbrain and allow them to communicate

Question 36

below the corpus collosum resides various subcortical regions, what do this do?

Answer 36

makes intimate reciprocal connections with cortical areas that process sensory, perceptual, cognitive and motor functions

Question 37

which hemisphere is responsible for understanding speech and which is for analyzing music

Answer 37

left is for speech and right for music

Question 38

brain cells compromise of 2 things. describe their function

Answer 38

neurons which carry brains communicative, and info processing functions and glial cells which aid and modulate neurons activities

Question 39

how does neuron connect to one another

Answer 39

fibers known as axons - they form a nerve tract

Question 40

What are 3 regions of the brain and what is its function

Answer 40

frontbrain - olfaction, smell midbrain - vission and hearning hindbrain - control movements and balance

Question 41

what conclusion was made with the octopus experiment

Answer 41

invertebrates display intelligent behavior, such as learning by observation