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chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the nerves attached to the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

nerves

A

bundles of individual neurons contained within a protective membrane that relay sensory to the CNS from the body and relay motor information from the CNS to the rest of the body.

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4
Q

sensory neuron

A

a neuron that detects changes in the external or internal environment and sends information about these changes to the central nervous system

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5
Q

motor neuron

A

a neuron located within the central nervous system that controls the contraction of a muscle or the secretion of a gland

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6
Q

interneuron

A

a neuron located entirely within the central nervous system

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7
Q

soma

A

the cell body of a neuron which contains the nucleus

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8
Q

dendrite

A

a branched, treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron; receives information from the terminal buttons of other neurons

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9
Q

synapse

A

a junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron

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10
Q

axon

A

the long, thin, cylindrical structure that conveys information from the soma of a neuron to its terminal buttons

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11
Q

axoplasmic transport

A

an active process by which substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon

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12
Q

anterograde

A

in a direction along an axon from the cell body toward the terminal buttons

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13
Q

retrograde

A

in a direction along an axon from the terminal buttons toward the cell body

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14
Q

myelin sheath

A

a sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons

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15
Q

terminal buttons

A

the bud at the end of a branch of an axon; forms synapses with another neuron; sends information to that neuron

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16
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical that is released by a terminal button; has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron

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17
Q

membrane

A

a structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines the outer boundaries of a cell and also constitutes many of the cell organelles

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18
Q

cytoskeleton

A

formed of microtubules and other protein fibers, linked to each other and forming a cohesive mass that gives a cell its shape

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19
Q

microtubule

A

a long strand of bundles of protein filaments arranged around a hollow core; part of the cytoskeleton and involved in transporting substances from place to place within the cell (tracks for the axoplasmic transport)

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20
Q

cytoplasm

A

the viscous, semiliquid substance contained in the interior of a cell

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21
Q

nucleus

A

a structure in the central region of a cell, containing the chromosomes

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22
Q

chromosome

A

a strand of dna, with associated proteins, found in the nucleus; carries genetic information

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23
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a long complex macromolecule consisting of two interconnected helical strands; along with associated proteins, strands of DNA constitute the chromosomes

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24
Q

gene

A

the functional unit of the chromosome which directs synthesis of one or more proteins

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25
enzyme
a molecule that controls a chemical reaction, combining two substances or breaking a substance into two parts
26
mitochondria
organelles that are responsible for extracting energy from nutrients
27
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
a molecule of prime importance to cellular energy metabolism; its breakdown liberates energy
28
gila
the supporting cells of the central nervous system
29
astrocyte
a gila cell that provides support for neurons of the central nervous system, provides nutrients and other substances, and regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid.
30
phagocytosis
the process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration
31
oligodendrocytes
a type of gilial cell in the central nervous system that forms myelin sheath
32
node of ranvier
a naked portion of a myelinated axon between adjacent oligodendroglia or schwann cells
33
microgila
the smallest of glial cells; they act as phagocytes and protect the brain from invading microorganisms
34
schwann cells
a cell in the peripheral nervous system that is wrapped around a myelinated axon, providing one segment of its myelin sheath
35
blood-brain barrier
a semipermeable barrier between the blood and the brain produced by the cells in the walls of the brain's capillaries
36
area postrema
a region of the medulla where the blood-brain barrier is weak; poison's can be detected there and can initiate vomiting
37
membrane potential
the electrical charge across a cell membrane; the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell
38
resting potential
the membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; approximately -70mV in many neurons
39
hyperpolarization
an increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the normal resting potential (its more negative than its outside)
40
depolarization
reduction toward zero of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential ( its more positive than its outside)
41
threshold of excitation
the value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an action potential
42
action potential
the brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon
43
diffusion
movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration
44
ion
a charged molecule. cations are positively charged and anions are negatively charged
45
electrostatic pressure
the attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or the repulsive force between atomic particles charged with the same sign
46
intracellular fluid
the fluid contained within cells
47
extracellular fluid
body fluids located outside of cells
48
sodium-potassium transporters
a protein found in the membrane of all cells that extrudes sodium ions from and transports potassium ions into the cell. Pump three sodium ions out for every two potassium ions in.
49
ion channel
a specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave cells
50
voltage-dependent ion channel
an ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential
51
all-or-none law
the principle that once an action potential is triggered in an axon, it is propagated without decrement to the end of the fiber
52
rate law
the principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which that axon fires
53
saltatory conduction
conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. the action potential appears to jump from one node of ranvier to the next
54
postsynaptic potential
brief depolarizations or hyperpolarization that increase or decrease the rate of action potentials in the axon of the postsynaptic neuron
55
binding site
the location on a receptor protein to which a ligand binds
56
ligand
a chemical that binds with the binding site of a receptor
57
dendritic spine
a small bud on the surface of a dendrite, with which a terminal button of another neuron forms a synapse
58
presynaptic membrane
the membrane of a terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane and through which the neurotransmitter is released
59
postsynaptic membrane
the cell membrane opposite the terminal button in a synapse; the membrane of the cell that receives the message
60
synaptic vesicle
a small, hollow, beadlike structure found in terminal buttons; contains molecules of a neurotransmitter
61
postsynaptic receptor
a receptor molecule in the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter
62
neurotransmitter-dependent ion channel
an ion channel that opens when a molecule of a neurotransmitter binds with a postsynaptic receptor
63
ionotropic receptor
a receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site
64
metabotropic receptor
a receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter; activates an enzyme that begins a series of events that opens an ion channel elsewhere in the membrane of the cell when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site
65
G protein
a protein coupled to a metabotropic receptor; conveys messages to other molecules when a ligand binds with and activates the receptor
66
second messenger
a chemical produced when a G protein activates an enzyme; carries a signal that results in the opening of the ion channel or causes other events to occur in the cell
67
excitatory postsynaptic potential
an excitatory depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button
68
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
an inhibitory hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button
69
reuptake
the reentry of a neurotransmitter released from a terminal button back through its membrane. this process terminates the postsynaptic potential
70
enzymatic deactivation
the destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release
71
acetylcholinesterase
the enzyme that destroys acetylcholine soon after it is released from the terminal buttons. this action terminates the postsynaptic potential
72
acetylcholine
a neurotransmitter found in the brain, spinal cord, and parts of the peripheral nervous system; responsible for muscular contraction
73
neural integration
the process by which inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials summate and control the rate of firing of a neuron
74
autoreceptor
a receptor molecule located on a neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron
75
presynaptic inhibition
the action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapses; reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button
76
presynaptic facilitation
the action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse; increases the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button
77
neuromodulator
a naturally secreted substance that acts like a neurotransmitter except that it is not restricted to the synaptic cleft but diffuses through the extracellular fluid
78
peptide
a chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. most neuromodulators and some hormones consist of peptide molecules
79
hormone
a chemical substance that is released by an endocrine gland that has effects on target cells in other organs
80
endocrine gland
a gland that releases chemical messengers into the extracellular fluid around capillaries and hence into the bloodstrem
81
target cell
the type of cell that is directly affected by a hormone or other chemical signal

psych 302 (12 decks)

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