Chapter 2 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
3 types of muscles
A
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
2
Q
skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary / striated or striations
A
voluntary, striated
3
Q
Smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary / striated or non striations
A
involuntary, no striations
4
Q
Cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary / striated or no striations
A
involuntary, striated
5
Q
**all three types of muscles have what in common
A
contraction and develop force
6
Q
epimysium
A
Connective tissue of muscle surrounds each muscle fassicle
7
Q
perimysium
A
connective layer tissue of fasicle
8
Q
endomysium
A
muscle cell connective layer tissue
9
Q
myofibrils
A
subunit of muscle cell
10
Q
myofilaments
A
subunit of myofibrils
11
Q
what is the myofibril made up of
A
sacromeres
12
Q
**sarcomeres is
A
basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle
13
Q
sarcomeres joined end to end at the what line
A
z line
14
Q
sarcomeres zone start from end
A
i band, a,band, h zone, m line, rest of the a band, 2nd i band
15
Q
a bands contains what
A
dark area, contain thick filament myosin, as well as thin filament from the overlap
16
Q
i band contains what
A
light area contain thin filament actin
17
Q
h zone contains what
A
contains thick filament myosin only visible at resting length
18
Q
***when contraction takes place what zone disappears
A
h zone, because actin and myosin overlap even more
19
Q
thick filament =
A
myosin
20
Q
thin filament =
A
actin
21
Q
***m line consist of
A
center of h zone, backbone for myosin filaments in their proper orientation
22
Q
***z line consist of
A
crosses center of each i band backbone for actin
23
Q
thin filaments are composed of what
A
actin, tropomyosin, troponin
24
Q
**when skeletal muscle is at rest what happens with tropomyosin
A
tropomyosin covers the actin active sights.
25
why is calcium important to troponin and tropomyosin
maintaining the contraction or relaxation of skeletal muscles
26
thick filaments make up how much muscle protein
2/3
27
myosin globular head binds to what active sights when what muscle contracts
binds to actin active sights when skeletal muscle contracts
28
skeletal muscle functions include
motion, breathing, posture, heat
29
two types of muscle fibers
fast twitch(type 2), slow twitch(type one)
30
fast twitch muscle fibers are oxidative or non oxidative
non oxidative has alot of sarcomeres
31
slow twitch muscle fibers are oxidative or non oxidative
oxidative has alot of mitochondria
32
slow twitch is how much slower than fast twich
3-5 times slower
33
3 performance characteristics of muscle fiber types
maximal force, speed of contraction, muscle fiber efficiency
34
every single cross bridge formed requires what
apt
35
**fast twitch fibers have access more to what resulting in faster contraction
atp
36
****for economy an efficient fiber requires what
less energy to perform an given amount of work than a less efficient fiber
37
through training you can change how much muscle fiber types
10%
38
motor unit is what
single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
39
what determines whether fibers are type one or type two
alpha motor neurons
40
***difference in size of the motor unit mean
differences on how forceful contraction is
41
how does the sarcoplasm differ from the cytoplasm
contains glycogen and myoglobin
42
t turbels run in what direction to the muscle fiber
perpendicular
43
***biggest role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is
serves as a storage site for calcium
44
****steps of sending an action potential down the axon
1. dendrites receive epsps and ipsps.
2. epsps and ispsps are sent to the axon hillock region to be summated(add together).
3. if the threshold is met depolarization of the alpha motor neuron occurs.
45
espsp brings does what to the neuron
brings the neuron closer to firing an action potential
46
epsp stands for
excitatory post synaptic potential positive
47
ipsp stands for
inhibitory post synaptic potential negative
48
what must the epsp and ipsp reach
a threshold stimulus
49
****at rest the alpha motor neuron is in what state
polarized state (interior is neg charge compared to the exterior)
50
at polarized state what is the charge inside
-40mv
51
what happens during deplorizaiton
close potassium gates k+ and open many na+ sodium gates go from -40mv to a +50mv
52
***if depolarization occurs what happens
an action potential is sent down the alpha motor neuron
53
what are the two phases of repolarization
absolute refractory period
| relative refractory period
54
during the absolute refractory period
the tissue will not respond no matter how strong the stimulus if not enough correction has taken place
55
during the relative refractory period
the tissue will respond but the stimulus must be of supra threshold intensity
56
*****9 steps for axon terminal for depolization
essay
1. epsp and ipsp summated at axon hillock region
2. if threshold is met and depolarization of the alpha motor neuron occurs an action potential is sent down the axon to the axon terminal
3. voltage gated channels for calcium c+ open
4. if enough calcium c+ enters the neuron inactive enzyme is converted to active enzyme
5. transport vesicles filled with the neurotransmitter ach travel to the releasing sites.
6. ach floods the synaptic gap
7. ach binds to receptors on skeletal muscle tissue
8. if it meets threshold and depolarization of skeletal muscle tissue occurs a signal is sent down the t tubule throughought the length of the muscle fiber.
9. SR releases Ca+
57
what is the mv on the skeletal muscle tissue
-90mv at rest
58
***stimulus for depolarization of skeletal muscle is if
enough ach binds to receptors
59
what are the four b's
binding, breaking, bending, bouncing
60
**troponin binds to what three things
actin, tropomyosin, ca+
61
**in the resting state of skeletal muscle what is bound to what
troponin in bound to actin and tropomyosin
62
**when calcium binds to troponin it causes what
confirmational change(change in shape) in troponin
63
**when troponin changes shape what does it do
pulls tropomyosin with it revealing the active actin sites.
64
**the sr binds to what
sr binds to troponin
65
****what are the four b's
| short answer
binding- cross bridge formation
bending- myosin head tilts performing a power stroke
breaking- immediately after myosin head tilts, breaks away from active active site
bouncing- attaches to new site farther along actin filament and the whole process repeats.
66
power stroke and bending requires what
atp
67
**all or non principle is
when a alpha motor neuron is stimulated all muscle fibers will contract or do not contract at all
68
**principle of orderly recruitment is what
motor units within given muscle appear to be ranked
69
size principle is
order of recruitment is directly related to size of their motor neuron
70
twitch is
smallest response of a muscle fiber to a single electrical stimulus
71
summation is
series of stimuli in rapid sequence prior to relaxation
72
tetanus is
greatest amount of tension or force production exhibited by a motor unit
73
rate coding is
describes the process by which tension at a given motor unit can very of that of a twitch to that of tetanus by increasing frequency of stimulation of that motor unit
74
***a single motor unit can do what
exert varying levels of force development based on the frequency at which it is stimulated
75
***optimal length of a sarcomere to generate maximal amount of force
80-120%
76
types of contractions
isotonic (concentric, eccentric), isometric
77
isometric contraction is
skeletal muscle contracts but there's no change in the length
78
isotonic contraction is
contraction of skeletal muscle and length changes
concentric- shortens( force is greater than resistance)
eccentric- lengthens (force of muscle is less than resistance provided)
79
reflex is a
response to a stimulus that is not under conscious control
80
proprioception is
knowing where the body is in relation to its various segments and its external environment
81
proprioceptors gather what
gather sensory information to achieve kinesthetic awareness
82
proprioceptors are where
in the skin, in and around the joints and skeletal muscle, in the inner ear.
83
afferent goes to
towards central nervous system
84
efferent goes to
effector organs
85
interneurons are
structures that relay information in the structure system
86
sensory receptors are also named what
somatosensory receptors
87
somatosensory receptors are
nervous system structures that report an afferent feedback required to perform movement
88
integration center is what
area where we interpret the information and link it to the motor system
89
spinal cord, lower brainstem, cerebellum are under what
are not under subconscious control
90
thalamus, cerebral cortex are under what
are under conscious control
91
spinal cord not conscious
simple motor reflex
92
lower brainstem not conscious
postural control
93
thalamus conscious
integration center for sight equilibrium sound pain pressure and hot/cold
94
cerebellum not conscious
coordination of find and gross motor mov
95
cerebral cortex conscious
planned coordinated response
96
gammer motor neurons connect with what
stretch sensors located in skeletal muscle 1/2 size of alpha motor neuron
97
muscle spindals
stretched sensors for gammer motor neurons run parrell
98
extrafusal muscle fibers operate under the what
alpha motor neruron
99
intrafusal muscle fibers operate under the what
gammer motor neuron
100
intrafusal muscle fibers contain what
both afferent and efferent signals
101
at the spinal cord what forms from the intrafusal muscle fiber
synapse with an a motor neuron
102
muscle spindles are most sensitive to what
rapid stretch cause contraction
103
GTO's refer to what
golgi tendon organs
104
golgi tendon organs are located
capsules that are closer to the tendon
105
the gto are pinched what happens
signal is sent to the brain stating a increase in tension
| cause relaxation
106
golgi signals do what
stop contraction by sending ipsps cause relaxation
107
joint receptors are located at
joint capsules and their surrounding ligaments
108
pacinian corpuscles
detect changes in movement or pressure but cant tell magnitude or pressure
109
gogli mazzoni corpuscles
responsive to joint compression
110
free nerve endings
nociceptive
111
stretch shortening cycle
eccentric action that is followed by a concentric action
112
stretch shortening cycle
eccentric action that is followed by a concentric action
113
what muscle fiber type has the smallest cell body
type one
114
neurotransmitter of the alpha motor neuron
ach
115
epi, pery, endo
step of muscle cell from top to bottom
116
resting nervous tissue the membrane is more permeable to what
potassium
