Test 1 review Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
the 3 substrates
A
proteins, fats, carbs
2
Q
bioenergetics
A
study of energy transfer in living organisms
3
Q
free fatty acids are used for
A
used for atp
4
Q
enzymes
A
control rate of free energy release
5
Q
rate limiting enxyme
A
controls the reactions overall rate operates on neg feedback loop
6
Q
negative feedback loop
A
decreases enzyme activity
7
Q
exergonic
A
releases free energy
8
Q
endergonic
A
reaction that requires energy
9
Q
oxidation reduction reaction
A
transfer of elections
10
Q
substrates
A
acted on by energy in chemical reactions that result in manufacturing various end products fats proteins carbs
11
Q
products
A
melecules manufactered from the substrates that are involved in enzymatically catalyzed reactions
12
Q
energy substrate
A
food has weak bonds so we break it down to atp to create strong bonds
13
Q
carbs
A
number of carbs used during exercise is related to carbs available and muscles well developed system for carb metabolism. average carb stored is 2500kcal
14
Q
fat
A
body stores potential energy in form of fat is larger then reserves of carbs
15
Q
protein
A
used for server depletion/starvation. conversion has to take place
16
Q
gluconeogeniss
A
making new glucose
17
Q
lipogenesis
A
making new fat
18
Q
rate of energy production is controlled by 2 things
A
primary substrate, enzyme activity
19
Q
primary substrate
A
availability of a large amount of a substrate increases activity of that substrate pathway (if you eat protean you will use it more.)
20
Q
enzyme activity
A
when optimal ph and temp is good they will work the fastest
21
Q
free energy released is useful when
A
its is has a controlled rate
22
Q
two laws of thermodynamics
A
energy conservation, directionality of reactions
23
Q
what is the first law of thermodynamics
A
energy cant be created or destroyed but only transferred kinetic and potential
24
Q
what type of energy is used to perform biological work
A
kinetic energy
25
energy represented for biological systems
calories
26
energy represented for humans
Calories aka kilocalories
27
1 calorie is the # of heat energy needed to what
raise 1 gram of water 1 degree celcious from 14.5-15.5 celcious
28
1kilokalorie is the # of heat energy needed to what
raise 1kilocalorie of water 1 degree celcious from 14.5-15.5
29
nutrients from ingested food provided in form of what
carbs, fats, proteins
30
entropy
a measure of disorder that exists in a system
31
atp (adenine ribose + pi+ pi + pi) has a work potential of
1-2 seconds
32
what are the metabolic pathways(3)
atp,glycolytic, oxidative/aerobic
33
atp system is in the form of
phophagen
34
glycolytic system is in the from of
glycolysis
35
oxidative/ aerobic system is in the form of
oxidative
36
how long is phosphagen lived for
immediate and produces the least amount of atp
37
how long is glycolysis lived for
middle and produces more atp
38
how long is oxidative lived for
slowest but produces the greatest amount of atp
39
glycogen that is stored where can be used for energy directly
skeletal muscles
40
pfk is inhibited by what
excess atp
41
what is synthesized from glycose via glycogenesis
glycogen
42
what is the limitation of glycolysis
the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles and body fluids
43
***determines how much pyruvate is converted to lactate
intensity of exercise and availability of oxygen
44
fate of conversion of pyruvate and lactate depends on (3)
availability of 02
size of mitochondria
# of mitochondria
45
although lactate is associated with fatigue we need some ..... production in order for glycolysis to occur
lactate, hydrogen ions
46
result of conversion of pyruvate to lactate .... is oxidized to ... hint: consumption of a hydrogen proton is occurring both of this contribute to what ... production
nadh to nad
| contribute to atp production
47
-oxygen is available the end process is
pyruvate and 2 nadh
48
-oxygen isnt available the end product is
lactate and 2 nad+ also remove a hydrogen ion
49
how much atp resulting from the start of glucose
2atp
50
how much atp resulting from the start of glycogen
3atp
51
mct
responsible for removing lactate from the sarcoplasm to into the blood
52
sodium bicarbonate does what
buffer for proton disposal to travel through blood
53
what binds with lactate to form a compound that enters cells for fuel
na or k
54
where can lacate act upon in the body
heart, liver, kidneys, skeletal muscles
55
cori cycle
main way of high intensity disposal of lactate in through the liver
56
cori cycle steps
1. lactate is converted back to pyruvate
| 2. pyruvate can go to fate 1 (reverse glycolysis) fate 2 (oxidative metabolism)
57
what requires atp
reverse glycolysis
58
what system do we use to make glucose
cori cycle
59
1st accumulation of blood lactate above resting concentrions is called what
lactate threshold (lt)
60
onset of blood lactate accumulation is
disproportion of increase in lactate threshold values
61
oxidative aerboic system occurs in the
mitochondria
62
what system can use all 3 substrates as fules
oxidative aerobic system
63
in order to enter the mitochondria pyruvate needs to be converted to
acetyl-coa (not a step of the kreb cycle)
64
what reaction is not reversible in krebs cycle
acetyl-coa
65
what is the representation of the common substrate to which all three macronutrients must be converted to enter the oxidate system
acetyl- coa
66
what is the rate limiting enzyme of the krebs cycle
isocitrate dehydrogenase
67
one turn of the krebs cycle how much nadh get
3 nadh 1 fadh2 1 gtp
68
if pruvate starts with the krebs cycle what is the result
3 nadh 1 fadh2 1 gtp
69
if glucose starts with the krebs cycle what is the result
6 nadh 2 fadh 2gtp
70
isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited by
oxidative system
71
nadh and fadh2 produced from glycolysis in krebs will donate what and where
hydrogen and electrons to the etc
72
where are the electrons passed down in the etc
to the cytochromes
73
each cytochrome alternately accepts and releases what
an electron at a slightly lower energy level (greatest at 1 least at 4)
74
end of etc electrons are donated to what to make water
oxygen
75
h+ is pumped where in the etc to create a gradient
from the inner to the outer mitochondrial matrix
76
at the end of the chain hydrogen ions flow back in resulting in ....
free energy
77
what is used to generate atp in the etc
free energy
78
for every one nadh how many atp are generated in the etc
3 atp
79
for every 2 fadh2 how many atp is generated in the etc
2atp
80
does glycolysis process change with oxygen
no
81
glycose without oxygen results in how much atp
2-3 apt
82
glycose with oxygen results in
36-39 atp
83
triglycerides for fuel steps(3)
1. activation of free fatty acids in the cytosol or sarcoplasm. (requires 2atp per fatty acid)
2. transport the ffa to the mitochondria.
3. beta oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix
84
b oxidation explanation
series of step in which acyl groups are chopped off the ffa chain to make acetyl coa
85
for every one chop we get
1 nadh, 1fadh2
86
do you get more atp from fats or carbs
fats
87
inability to continue exercise at a given ability
fatigue
88
submaximal represents
not all of your max effort
89
oxidative rate limiting enzyme
isocitrate dehydrogenase
90
energy expenditure
collective energy cost for maintaining constant conditions within the human body
91
bmr
basal metabolic rate amount of energy you expend while lying down in a calm neutral environment
92
components of energy expenditure
bmr, tef, physical activity energy cost
93
physcial activities
movement produced by contraction of larger skeletal muscles that increases energy expenditure
94
tef
thermal effect of food energy required to chew digest and absorb the food we eat
95
exercise
planned structured repetitive
96
physicals activity energy cost
any movement as well as exercise
97
relationship between two variables
dose-response relationship
98
compares risk for development of a disease in one group, compared with same risk within another group
relative risk
99
incidence
number of new cases occurring during a given time period
100
prevalence
proportion of cases at a specific point in time
101
body is about what percent efficient at release of free energy
25-40
102
to determine energy expenditure we must
determine the amount of heat released.
103
metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body to support function and survival
104
calorimetry
measurement of metabolism determined from quantity of heat released form the human body
105
the most expensive calorimetry to the lease expensive
direct, indirect, noncalorimetric
106
the most to least accurate calorimetry
direct, indirect, noncalorimetric
107
the most accessibility calorimetry
direct is the least accessible as noncalorimetric is the most accessible
108
types of calorimetry
direct, indirect, noncalorimetric
109
examples of calorimetry for each
direct- bomb calorimeter, live in metabolic chamber
indirect- metabolic cart(v02 oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide consumption), doubly-labeled water method(used for estimating total energy expenditure overtime by carbon dioxide production by looking at the deduction rate for the isotopes)
noncalorimetric- objective methods(used an instrument to determine energy expenditure), subjective methods(base energy expenditure by their interpretation of energy level)
110
percentages of o2, co2, n2 in the air
o2=20.93
co2=.003
n2=79.04
111
what cant be measured on a metabolic chart
inspired air
112
Haldane transformation
series of mathematical steps used to determine the volume of inspired air when it is not actually measured
113
carbon dioxide production is related to
energy expenditure
114
methods of objective techniques
pedometer, accelerometer, hr monitor, new tech
115
interindividual variance
increase in chloric expenditure for a given increase in hr will differ between individuals
116
subjective methods techniques
questionnaires, diaries(common for 3 day period for one day weekend day)
117
1 met=
amount of energy expenditure during one min of seated rest
118
prediction questions are based on what
relationship between mechanical workload and corresponding metabolic cost
119
standard error of the estimate
measure of the accuracy of the prediction equation
120
smaller the value for the see results in what
greater accuracy
121
larger value for the see results in what
less accurate
122
**********absolute vo2 (cant compare 2 people with absolute vo2)
total amount of o2 consumed by the body regardless of the body size or weight
123
how to calculate absolute vo2
std. est. that 1L of 02 consumed arox 5kcal are expended
x/1 min * aprox 5kcal/1l = how much kcal per min
multiply this by how long the person is running for
124
if you want to compare 2 people vo2 values you must use what
relative vo2
125
how to calculate relative vo2 max
```
1l= 1000ml
2.2LB= 1kg divide 2.2
```
gary has a vo2 max of 3.5l/m he weighs 175lb
1- convert L/min to ml/min
2- convert weight from lb-kg
3- divide answer for one by answer for 2
126
respiratory exchange ratio
| and how to calculate such
rer= vco2/vo2
127
rer value of .7 means
100% of fat
128
rer value of 1.0 mens
100% carbs
129
.85 rer value means
equal of fats and carbs
130
steady-state
balance between energy required by the working muscles and aerobic oxidative energy production
131
until steady state is achieved we have to do what.
met energy needs with the non oxidative energy pathways
132
oxygen deficit explanation
anytime we start to exercise or increase exercise intensity we experience an oxygen deficit
133
oxygen deficit explanation
anytime we start to exercise or increase exercise intensity we experience an oxygen deficit
134
what pathway to we rely on in oxygen deficit
non oxidative energy pathways.
135
excess post exercise two phases
rapid(restoration of phosphagen, reconversion of lactate, reload hemoglobin/myoglobin with oxygen)
slow(continues thermoregulation, increase hr and metabolism for tissue repair, circulate sns hormones, removal of accumulated co2 in the body tissue)
136
contributions to epoc and what does it stand for.
intensity and duration
| excess post-exercise consumption
