Chapter 2

Question 1

The body is made up of _ naturally occurring elements. Just __, which are: ___, ____, ____, ___ , make up 96% of its mass.

Answer 1

26

just 4 make up 96%: CHON

Question 2

What defines an inorganic compound?

Answer 2

• lack carbon (most of the time)
• structurally simple (only a few atoms, no complex functions)
• ionic or covalent bonds

Question 3

Give examples of inorganic compounds.

Answer 3

CO2
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Water
Salts
Acids
Bases

Question 4

What is this process called: when inorganic salts, acids, or bases, separate into ions and become surrounded by water.

Answer 4

dissociation

Question 5

What is: a substance that dissociates into one or more H+ ions and one or more anions.

Answer 5

an acid

Question 6

What is: a substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-?

Answer 6

a salt

Question 7

Acids & bases react with one another to form…

Answer 7

salt & water

Question 8

At a pH of 7, what is the relationship between H+ and OH- ions in a solution?

Answer 8

they are equal

Question 9

What are the chemical formulas for carbonic acid and bicarbonate?

Answer 9

HCO3- (bicarbonate)

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Question 10

The most important protein for the protein buffer system is ___, found in ____.

Answer 10

hemoglobin, RBCs

Question 11

Phosphate buffer systems are most important in ___ fluid & ___.

Answer 11

intracellular fluid & urine

Question 12

What defines organic compounds?

Answer 12

• Always contain carbon
• Have covalent bonds
• Usually contain hydrogen
• Relatively large
• Carry out complex functions

Question 13

Macromolecules are produced in cells from monomers via ___, and broken down via ____.

Answer 13

dehydration synthesis or polymerization

hydrolysis

Question 14

Organic compounds make up __% of the body’s mass

Answer 14

40%

Question 15

The two principal subclasses of eicosanoids (which are derived from ___) are:

Answer 15

prostaglandins & leukotrienes

derived from arachidonic acid

Question 16

What are the 6 types of protein classifications?

Answer 16

structural
regulatory
contractile
immunological
transport
catalytic

Question 17

There are _ essential amino acids and __ non-essential. Amino acids are synthesized via ____.

Answer 17

10, 10

transamination

Question 18

What kind of bond is found between two amino acids?

Answer 18

covalent (peptide) bond

Question 19

What determines the primary structure of proteins?

Answer 19

genetics

Question 20

Proteins can be denatured by:

Answer 20

altered temperature, pH, or electrolyte concentration

Question 21

Enzymes consist of:

Answer 21

apoenzyme (protein portion) & cofactor (non-protein part - usually metal ion or organic molecule called a coenzyme)

Question 22

What is the pH of gastric juice?

Answer 22

1.2-3.0

Question 23

What is the pH of vaginal fluid?

Answer 23

3.5-4.5

Question 24

What is the pH of semen?

Answer 24

7.20-7.60

Question 25

What is the pH of pancreatic juice? Is bile more or less basic?

Answer 25

7.1-8.2

more basic

Question 26

What is the most abundant buffer system in the body???

Answer 26

PROTEINS!

Question 27

Increased O2 in the blood will make it more acidic/alkaline.

Answer 27

alkaline

Question 28

T/F: Normally, the connective and epithelial tissues are always adjacent to each other

Answer 28

true