Chapter 2

Question 1

What was the impact of the poor law?

Answer 1

Early welfare state, feeding orphans making them strong, allowing them to work which futhers trade

Question 2

Impact of slavery

Answer 2

Doesn’t gurantee development

Question 3

What happend to London?

Answer 3

Main hub as it was a source of urban demand and focus on specialisation

Question 4

Impact of international trade

Answer 4

Increased variety of goods and services, therefore an incetive to earn more in order to

Question 5

Impact of the changing institutions

Answer 5

parliament gained control over the financial business of the state (leading to the BOE). People overall, trusted the institutions more and trust is essential for trade, consumption and growth

Question 6

Impact of coal

Answer 6

It was used to power factories, stop mines flooding, to move goods by train and ship. It was cheap and abundant letting it underpin the economy.

Question 7

Impact of changing marriage patterns

Answer 7

Increase in female emancipation,

output increases as women are in the labour instead of married off at a young age.

Question 8

What are the Bourgeois values?

Answer 8

• Justice (contracts)
• Temperance (saving)
• Courage (entrepreneurship, risk taking)
• Prudence (Self-interest)
• Faith (community and respect)
• Hope (hard work to create a future)
• Love (family, employees and country)

Question 9

Impact of Bourgeois values

Answer 9

McCloskey argues that pre-enlightenment societies were dominated by “aristocratic pride, clerical anger and peasant envy” - There was no sense that the economy could grow, rather people thought about how to win at others’ expenses. Pre-enlightenment construct is washed away by the Bourgeois values.

The idea is that these release from envy so the people invent, innovate, etc. And that when they do so, they will be respected in society, not looked down on ,feared, or persecuted. They will be seen as successes

People work harder and longer (industrious revolution), even though it is EXTENSIVE growth it delays the likes of the Malthusian trap since workers can support more people at a time (SR)

Question 10

Impact of the declining influence of the church

Answer 10

more and more people chose to work on Saint’s days (Saturdays and Sundays), despite the Catholic Church rules

Question 11

Impact of no internal tariffs

Answer 11

It had no internal restrictions in trade- unlike France with internal tariffs. Canals and good roads also benefited internal trade.

Question 12

Impact of turnpikes and tolls

Answer 12

allowed for profit which could then be hypothecated back into the maintenance of the road leading to increase and ease in internal trade.

Question 13

Impact of Enlightenment

Answer 13

Move away from religion (secular development) , an era of innovation, introduction of fact and reason, logic, system of thinking.

Question 14

Impact of the Glorious Revolution in 1688

Answer 14

William of Orange, Parliament had control over the finance of the state during the 40 year war with France. (it increased institutional trust, monarchies were less trusted than institutions) but the journey of trust was not a straight-forward matter

Question 15

What happened to interest rates?

Answer 15

interest rates fell considerably during the establishment of the IR. Food prices and rent are high but interest rates are low so real wages fall; but labour availability rises in this time period.

Question 16

What is the industrial revolution?

Answer 16

Transition to machinery at a large scale

Question 17

What is real wages?

Answer 17

Nominal wages deflated by CPI

Question 18

What is the consumer price index?

Answer 18

Measure for the cost of living in a country and select a botch of commodities and make an avergae price figure and that is our average

Question 19

Allens argument:

High wage hypothesis

Answer 19

International trade (started using coal becuase of wood shortage, imperialism led to an increasing population) = high wages (Due to agricultural revolution, rising productivity, trade and specialisation = incentive to not employ much labour and increasing consumption) + cheap energy economy (Incentive to enage in capital, and they would have the potential to sell it and gain afterwards) = indsutrial revoltuion

France tried to do a similar to Britain however it failed, since coal prices etc were too high in France and the tech dynamic was not cost effective in France.

High income economy = greater engagment in education = more technological advancement

Question 20

Allens argument:

Evidence to show that becuase the coal prices were high, technological innovation did not occur in France

Answer 20

• French governmetn sponsored the construstion of English style iron works (including 4 coke blast furnaces) in Burgundy in 1780
• Raw materials and enterprise were adequate. Even hired English expertise but it flopped due to the expensive price of coal

Question 21

Allens argument:

What was the price of energy in early 1700 in Newcastle and paris?

Answer 21

Below 0.5 grams of silver per million BTUs in Newcastle

In Paris, the price was around 8.5 grams of silver per million BTUs

Question 22

Allens argument:

What were the labourers wages in grams of silver per day in 1775?

Answer 22

• London: 17.5 grams of silver per day
• Vienna: 2.5 grams of silver per day
• Amsterdam: Around 10 grams of silver per day

Question 23

Allens argument:

Counter associated with womens wages

Answer 23

Women were paid much less

Question 24

What are the counter to Allens argument which is within the essay of Precocious Albion?

Answer 24

• High wages due to high productvity
• Focuses on textiles industry but not all industries had this trend (Cotton industry was shown to be an anamoly)
• Focuses on London males
• When coals was expensive, technological advancement still occured
• Clock and watch makers used little coal
• 1660-1800: 4.2% of all patents taken out stated labour saving was the goal
• 1660-1800: 30.8% of all patents taken out stated capital saving was the goal

Question 25

KMO argument: Productvity superiority of English workers

Answer 25

Average time need to reap an hectare of wheat in 19th century: * England: 7.2 days * France: 9.3-16.3 man-days per hectare

Question 26

KMO argument: Diet differences between England and France

Answer 26

* England had median diet of 2,600 kcal per day whilst Frecnh had 2,200 kcal * 1770: England consumed 0.7 pounds of meat a day * Eve of the French revolution: per capita meat consumption was 0.1-0.13 pounds

Question 27

KMO argument: Height difference between French and English

Answer 27

Eve of the industrial revolution: 5cm difference between the English and French

Question 28

KMO argument: Strength difference between English and Dutchman

Answer 28

1 horse is equal to: * 5 Englishmen * 7 Dutchmen

Question 29

KMO argument: Correlation between height and wages

Answer 29

* Additional 1cm in height = 5-10% gain in wages

Question 30

KMO argument: Difference in life expectancy

Answer 30

* England first half of 18th century: 36.4 years of life expected from birth * 1740s France: 25 years

Question 31

KMO argument: Superior Literacy rates in England

Answer 31

* 1830, England: 28% of males in England between 8-14 were enrolled in school * 1830, Prussia: 70% of males between 8-14 were enrolled in school Counter to this: Not enrolling in education does not mean that one is not educated as not every role requires formal education

Question 32

KMO argument: Impact of poor law

Answer 32

Weakened Malthusian mechanisims

Question 33

KMO argument: Apprenticeships

Answer 33

1700, England: Over ¼ of males over 21 completed an apprenticeship Involed many secrets of trade and installed experience

Question 34

Zanden argument: Introduction of parliament

Answer 34

Revolution of 1688: Greater power given to parliament Created the bank of England Greater confidence Financial revolution Low interest rates

Question 35

Zaden: Why did China not have a good supply of coal?

Answer 35

Coal was in areas that could not be transported to economic centres

Question 36

Luck

Answer 36

* 1685: France becomes catholic again therefore Hugenots flee and they bring their skills to England * 1590-1685: Change in attitude in England so they are more accpeting of migrants

Question 37

Who did the British government favour?

Answer 37

As the Industrial revolution developed, the British state consistently took the side of inventors and industrialists against workers particularly landowner and established (agricultural) interests

Question 38

Example of the British government taking the side of investors and entrepreneurs: 1811-1817 Luddites

Answer 38

* Riots against new versions of the stocking mill, that deskilled work and lowered pay * Government sends the Army in * 1812: machine breaking becomes a capital offence (death penalty) * 1813: 17 people hanged Example of how the British government took the side of the entrepreneur and investor over those who didn’t want to see new machinery

Question 39

Example of the British government taking the side of investors and entrepreneurs: 1830 Swing Riots

Answer 39

* 1830 – Southern farm workers destroyed threshing machines that cut jobs and wages * Attacked the PM’s house (Duke of Wellington) * 252 sentenced to death, 19 hanged * 481 transported to Australia (Penal colony which could be argued that life was better there ) * Led to political reform Example of how the state is fighting for mechanisation

Question 40

Example of the British government taking the side of investors and entrepreneurs: 1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws

Answer 40

* Restrictions on importing corn (wheat) existed since 1670 (little trade before) * Benefits landowners, harms factory workers (and factory owners) because the supply was limited so the prices were high * Growing population and pressures on grain therefore the corn laws were abolished in 1846 * Again, the state takes the side of industry and “progress” because the workers are better off and factories are easier to establish and cost of living is lower due to free trade

Question 41

What enabled the spread of Entrepreneurship and internal markets?

Answer 41

Good canals and ports Government has no internal restrictions on trade (Able to sell holistically over the UK with no tariffs) (unlike France, who had internal tariffs )

Question 42

1707: Turnpike trusts

Answer 42

allow tolls (Local people could set up a Turnpike and charge people to use it and the funds could be used to building and maintaining the roads. This was profitable and produced good quality roads). Britain probably has the highest number of good quality roads in the world

Question 43

Define industrious revolution

Answer 43

People working longer It is extensive growth, but it still delays the onset of the Malthusian trap, because one worker can support more people and in the short run that is a good thing and people grow up to be stronger. People overall work more days because of the decline of the Catholic Church (6 days out of 7 in most weeks)

Question 44

KMO:

Answer 44

* 4cm implies 25% more productive (KMO - authors) as taller people have greater strength and this is valued in an era with an abundance of physical work * Muscle strength increases in height squared

Question 45

KMO Impact of better nutrition:

Answer 45

* In very poor countries, height measures childhood nutritional standards * Nutrition is good for brain development. Protein particularly, and British ate meat.

Question 46

Marriage ages in 1750

Answer 46

* Amsterdam: 27 * China: 15-16

Question 47

In 1800, what were literacy rates?

Answer 47

England: 53% France: 37% Italy: 22%

Question 48

Why was literacy rate higher in England?

Answer 48

* Trained apprentices * In a Malthusian economy, people are irrational because they are living in poverty and any spare time they have will spend trying to grow crops *

Question 49

Living standards

Answer 49

* wages rose 0.5% pa, 1770-1860 * Right up until the first world war, the average 16 year old boy was only 150cm (just under 5 feet) tall. They kept growing, but a pubertal growth spurt was not common, owing to poverty and poor diets

Question 50

What was the wage disparity between British and French blacksmiths in Paris

Answer 50

in France would make 4 francs a day, whereas an English smith in Paris would make 10-1 1 francs.