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Marine Bio Exam 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Percentage of ocean in Northern and Southern Hemisphere?

A

Northern hemisphere - 55%
Southern Hemisphere - 75%

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2
Q

Name the five ocean basins

A
  • Southern Ocean
  • Artic
  • Pacific
  • Indian
  • Atlantic
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3
Q

Order the Ocean basins from largest to smallest (PAIAR)

A
  • Pacific
  • Atlantic
  • Indian
  • Artic
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4
Q

What is “world ocean” ?

A

Refers to the interconnection of all five ocean basins

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5
Q

How did Earth’s crust form based on density?

A

Earth’s formation generated so much heat that the planet was mostly molten allowing materials to settle within the planet.

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6
Q

What are the earth’s main components? (Layers of the earth)

A

Inner core - solid
Outer core - liquid
Mantle - solid - Semiplastic composition
Crust - extremely thin layer

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7
Q

What is oceanic crust?

A

Oceanic crust makes up the sea floor. It is denser, thinner, and younger than continental crust.

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8
Q

What is continental drift? (Alfred Wegener 1912)

A

The movement of continental masses on the surface of earth.

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9
Q

What is Pangaea?

A

Hypothesis that continents were all one.

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10
Q

Main features of Plate Tectonics?

A

Mid-Ocean Ridges - continuous chain of volcanic submarine mountains that extend around earth
Subduction - when heavy plates (oceanic plates) hits lighter plate and slides under

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11
Q

What are the trends of Plate boundaries?

A

OOT - oceanic + oceanic = Trenches and earthquakes/volcanoes.
- Volcanic chain - island arcs
CCM- continental + continental = Mountains form from the tremendous force that happens when the continental plates push against each other
Shear boundary (OCM) - two tectonic plates sliding past each other - typically causes an earthquake (San Andreas Fault)

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12
Q

What is the ring of fire?

A

The formation of a path of volcanoes along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes when oceanic plates slid under continental plates. About 90 of earthquakes occur along the ring of fire.

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13
Q

Geomagnetic Anomalies (earths magnetic field)

A

Patterns of magnetic stripes (magnetic anomalies) that run parallel to the mid ocean ridge.

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14
Q

Components of Continental margins?

A

Continental shelf - top most
Continental slope - slope/middle
Continental rise - bottommost part leading to abyssal plains

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15
Q

Passive Margin

A

Area relatively inactive geologically (not a lot of volcanoes)
- Has flat wide coastal plains (East Coast)

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16
Q

Active Margin

A

Area relatively intense geologically (lot of volcanoes and earthquakes) (West Coast)

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17
Q

Hydrothermal Vents (1977)

A

Underwater volcanoes at spreading ridges and convergent plate boundaries surrounded by living organisms

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18
Q

Convergent boundaries

A

When two or more lithospheric plates collide.
O+O=T
C+C= M
O+C = E

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19
Q

Biogenous sediment

A

Derived from skeletons and shells of marine organisms and can reveal age through carbon dating

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20
Q

Ocean Acidification

A

~35% of CO2 dissolves into aquatic systems and causes a negative effect on marine life

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21
Q

Characteristics of water

A

2 hydrogen atoms for 1 oxygen atom (H2O). Any substance can exist in three different states - solid, liquid, gas. Water is the only substance that naturally occurs in all three states.

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22
Q

Water and Density

A

Lower temp causes molecules to move closer and causes higher density (heavier). Thus cold water sinks beneath warm water (cold water holds more oxygen than the same volume of warm water.)

23
Q

Water and Salinity

A

Salinity measured in PPT (parts per thousand).
The total amount of salts dissolved in seawater.
The saltier, the denser.

24
Q

Evaporation

A

Water escapes from hydrogen bonds holding them together break + become airborne.

25
Water and Pressure
Pressure underwater increases as depth increases - water @ bottom of the ocean has weight of water above it. With each 10m of increased depth, an atmosphere of pressure is added.
26
Dissolved Gases
most important gases of the ocean is O2, CO2, and N2. They dissolve in the ocean at the sea surface. Organisms in the ocean utilize O2 and mix CO2
27
Transparency and light
Seawater is relatively transparent so sunlight can penetrate into the ocean (helps photosynthesis). Large quantity of plankton reduces water transparency
28
Ocean Circulation
Circulation occurs as waves, tides, currents, gyres and is primarily driven by wind patterns
29
Coriolis effect
The tendency of objects moving large distances on earths surfaces to bend to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in Southern Hemisphere. Deflects large scale motions Ike wind and currents.
30
Thermohaline Circulation
Driven by differences in water density, due to variation in water temp and salinity rather than winds or tides.
31
Ekman transport
In which the upper part of the water column moves perpendicular to the wind direction , to the right in northern hemisphere and to the left in Southern Hemisphere.
32
Upwelling
When currents push up deep waters toward the surface and brings cold, nutrient rich water up.
33
downwelling
When large volumes of water sink due to changes in temp and salinity and brings gases down. (The sinking of surface water that is denser than underlying water layers)
34
Tides
caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun and by rotations of the earth, moon, and sun. Spring tides - when moon and sun are aligned and cause vertical tidal bulging. Neap tides - when moon and sun are at 90degrees and causes horizontal tidal bulging.
35
Tide types
Semidiurnal - a tidal pattern with two high and two low tides each day Mixed semidiurnal - tidal pattern with two successive high tides of different heights each day Diurnal tides - tidal pattern with a high and low tide each day
36
California tides
Predominantly mixed semidiurnal but on some days almost diurnal
37
Wind patterns
Winds driven by sunlight - as sunlight gets air, heat rises and cooler air rushes in to take place of air that has risen Trade winds- Major wind pattern where equator is warmer than poles (Hawaii, Bahamas) - warm air rises towards the poles
38
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
39
Life’s Hierarchy (11)
Ecosystem Community Population Individual Organ System Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom
40
Domains of life (3)
Bacteria - Prokaryotic (no nucleus, cell wall) Archaea - Prokaryotic Eukarya- Eukaryotic (plankton,animals,fungi) (membrane bound)
41
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration.
42
Diffusion
Net movement of atoms/molecules from an area of high to low concentration. (molecules would be evenly distributed (equilibrium)
43
Osmoregulation
Regulation of solute/water balance
44
Taxonomic Classification (KPCOFGS)
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
45
Land plants originate from?
Green Algae
46
How is algae different from land plants?
Algae can be multi or unicellular while land plants are always multicellular
47
Pneumatocysts
Gas filled bladders used to keep the blades near the water’s surface and provides bouancy
48
Algal extract
Algin- extract of brown algae used as emulsifier Carageenan - harvested from red algae and used as a thickening agent in non dairy products Agar - extract from red algae to protect canned meats
49
Chlorophyta
Green pigment Ex. Codium - branches out in pairs
50
Phaeophyta
Brown pigment (Kelp forests) Ex. Nereocytis - blades on small branches attached to bulb
51
Rhodophyta
Red pigment (coralline algae mostly on rocks) Ex. Laurencia Pacifica - blades clustered radially around branching stems from base to top
52
Sea grass (angiosperms)
True plants - produce pollen and seeds. Marine species reside here before maturity
53
Mangroves
Woody trees with large root systems that filter out many things

Marine Bio Exam 1 (5 decks)

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