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Marine Bio Exam 1 > Chapter 8-9 > Flashcards

Chapter 8-9 Flashcards

1
Q

Marine Fish

A

Vertebrates (organisms w/backbone)
Oldest/largest (species/abundance) of vertebrates

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2
Q

Class Agnatha

A

Jawless fish
- Hagfish and lampreys
- muscular/circular mouth w/ rows of teeth in rings
- tentacles w/tastebuds (sucker-like mouth) to consume blood, tissue, body fluid.
- no paired fins / scales
- secretes slime (defense)
- feed on dead/decaying animals

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3
Q

Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes

A

(Cartilaginous) and (bony)
- both w/ highly efficient gills
- scales cover the body
- streamline bodies
- Paired fins
- wide variety of jaw and feeding types
- Lateral line and sensory organs

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4
Q

Lateral Line (sharks and fish)

A

Distinct line that runs from snout to tail made of pores w sensory cells (sensory capacity and communication) inside that track pressure of water and help catch prey

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5
Q

Ratfish (Chondrichthyes)

A
  • deep waters
  • mouth with plate-like grinding teeth
  • tiny tail
  • venomous spine in front of dorsal fin
  • head clasper
  • no scales
  • skin flap covers 1 gill slit
  • bottom dwellers (eats from sediment)
  • heterocercal tail like sharks
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6
Q

Eslamobranchs (Chondrichthyes (sharks/rays/skates)

A
  • movable jaws
    -skeleton of cartilage
  • paired fins
  • spongy cartilage snout
  • well developed teeth
    5-7 gill slits
    Claspers (mating)
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7
Q

Chondrichthyes respiration

A
  • ram ventilation (passive breathing while swimming)
  • buccal pumping (using cheeks to breathe)
  • spiracle breathing (opening on head used to bring water w/o mouth)
  • obligate ram ventilators
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8
Q

Scales (sharks and rays)

A
  • placoid scales - dermal denticles (skinned teeth)
    - made for drag and noise reduction
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9
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A
  • sensory organs used to detect electrical currents when sharks are close to an object
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10
Q

Sharks

A
  • diversity in fins, snout, color
  • subject to disastrous fishing (oil and fins)
  • symbiosis with fish to keep shark clean
    Internal fertilization - male claspers and female decal openings
  • no swim bladders (have liver rich in oil to maintain bouyancy)
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11
Q

Skates and rays (Chondrichthyes)

A
  • both have Dorsaventrally flattened bodies
  • spend time @ bottom covered in sand (demersal)
  • large flattened teeth to feed on invertebrates
  • long fleshy whip like tails
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12
Q

Skates

A

Fleshy tail w/ no spine on tail
- spiracles
- skates lay eggs unlike rays
- feed on crustacean

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13
Q

Rays

A
  • pectoral fins expand to wings
  • long whip like tails w/ spine at base associated w/ poison gland
  • electric rays have organs that produce electricity at side of head
  • feed on crustaceans
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14
Q

Reproduction

A

Vivipary - Live birth w/ placenta
Ovipary - Lay eggs
Ovivipary- internalized eggs that hatch in female

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15
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fish
- gills used for respiration
- hinged jaws - variety of feeding
Homoceral tails (2 ones of = size) provides forward thrust

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16
Q

Fish gills

A
  • gill arch supports entire Structure
  • gill rakers on forward surface of gill arch
  • gill filaments trail behind gill arch
  • exchange of o2 an CO2 on surfaces
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17
Q

Operculum (Gastropods, worms, fish)

A
  • bony operculum covers gills ( provides protection against injury compared to gill slits
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18
Q

Swim bladder

A

Used for bouyancy control (internal gas filled organ)

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19
Q

Flat bony scales (ctenoid or cycloid) protect body

A

Ctenoid (spiny scale)
Cycloid(round scale)
Scales Overlap for more flexibility

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20
Q

Coloration

A

Countershade - ventral (belly) lighter than dorsal (top) - blends with water
Cryptic - blend w/ environment (shape/color/ texture)
Disruptive - bars/ stripes to break silhouette
Eye spot mimicry - circular patter on/near caudal fin to confuse predator on which side is the head
Warning - bright/off colors to advertise bad taste or poisonous nature

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21
Q

Body shapes

A

Fusiform - streamline / bullet/ fast
Compressiform - compressed / bursts of speed
Depression - Flattened from top to bottom / lives on bottom / flaps fins up and down
Filliform - elongated / slither / sediment

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22
Q

Fish fins

A

Pectoral (paired)
Pelvic (paired)
Dorsal
Andipose
Anal fin
Caudal (tail)

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23
Q

Caudal fin shapes

A

Homoceral (symmetric)
Heterocercal (asymmetric)

24
Q

Mouth types

A
  • beaks scrape organisms and algae off hard surfaces
  • teeth and wide mouth to capture prey
  • tube mouth to feed on coral
25
Eyes
Position of lens changes like camera Membranes cover eyeballs for protection
26
Schooling
Behavior Makes smaller fish appear much larger
27
Marine Reptiles and Birds
Phylum Chordata - Class reptilia (reptiles) - Class Aves (birds) - Mammalia (Mammals)
28
Nekton
Aquatic animals able to swim and move independently of water currents - free swimmers - usually large - breathe air - adaptations for thermoregulation
29
Marine reptiles (sea turtles, sea snakes, marine iguana, saltwater crocodile)
- uses lungs to breathe - cold blooded - body covered with scales - lay eggs on land
30
Ectoderm (heat from outside)
-heat from surroundings - thrive in warm environments - don’t need to use much energy - slow metabolism - don’t need to eat lots Turtles
31
Endotherm ( heat from inside)
-temp from own metabolism - temp remains same all the time
32
Sea turtles
- all species threatened/endangered - upper shell (carapace) - bottom shell (plaston) Powerful jaws w no teeth Reproduction - breed at sea (internal fertilization (stores eggs and sperm) - egg hatching temp dependent and sex determined (female - warmer, male - colder) - eggs soft and leathery - incubation of 60 days - juveniles omnivorous (algae/jellies) - adults mostly carnivores Leatherback(largest)
33
Sea snakes
- only found in pacific and Indian Ocean - laterally flattened body w paddle like tail for propulsion - venomous and carnivorous Breed at sea
34
Marine Iguana
- Galápagos Islands - dive to feed on seaweed n sea grass - laterally flattened tails for improved swimming - limb bones heavier and compact to paddles - salt expelled from sneezes Blunt nose
35
Sea bird
- birds nest on land but feed only marine organisms - feathers that cover body are coated with oil to help them in water - most species colonial nesters near cliffs, trees, shores - harder shelled eggs
36
Penguin
- flightless wings modified into flippers to swim - layer of fat and traps air in feathers to keep warm - males and females share parenting responsibility
37
Mammalia
- hair/fur -endothermic (regulate own body temp) - produce milk to feed young - fusiform body to reduce drag - modified limbs for propulsion/steer -tails for propulsion/balance Thermoregulation - dense fur/blubber to reduce heat loss
38
Pinnipedia
Seals / Sea Lions - Sexual dimorphism - seen in reproductive organs, body size, behavior - Males (Probocis or larger tusks) Molting - lose their fur and is replaced with new ones
39
Seals (chubs)
Molt once a year Smaller rotating flippers covered by hair and nails for swimming
40
Sea lions
External ear flaps - limbs rotate forward for more efficient locomotion on land
41
Sea otter
smallest marine mammal Fine dense fur coat Broad and webbed flipper like hind feet Keystone predator keep kelp forests safe from urchins
42
Keystone Predators
Keystone species that is a predator and will maintain species diversity in a community
43
Polar bears
- largest land carnivore - black skin color Small ears and long neck
44
Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises)
- mammalian traits - breathe air - feed young milk - give birth to live young Fore limbs modified into flippers
45
Odontocetes (tooth whales) - sperm whales
Simple peg like teeth Have 1 blowhole Predators Highly social Short/no migration Temperate tropical Sophisticated sonar
46
Mysticetes (Baleen whales)
Rows of fibrous plates known as baleen (filter feed) 2 blowholes Largest and endangered
47
Diving adaptations
Heart rate slows dramatically (bradycardia) - blood flow reduced - lungs and ribs collapse for dive
48
Artic whales
Lack dorsal fins cause ice - beluga whales have melon on head that direct outgoing sound waves. -narwhal have long tusk - layer of blubber to keep warm
49
Dolphins
Conical teeth Falcate dorsal fin Clicks / whistle
50
Porpoises
- spade shaped teeth
51
Vocalization
Sperm whales - cohort clicks / codas Baleen whales - long complicated vocal songs Beluga - songs Dolphins - click and whistle
52
MAss standing
When one is injured
53
Breaching
Jumping out of water and crashing back into water on their back
54
Spyhopping
Pop head out of water
55
Migration
Many migrate to warmer/colder temp for breeding

Marine Bio Exam 1 (5 decks)

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