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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the sociocultural approach

A

approach to psychology focusing on the role of the environment, stress, and culture in producing psychopathology.

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2
Q

what is the biological approach

A

view that biological factors cause ad should be used to treat abnormality

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3
Q

what is the psychological approach

A

approach to abnormality that focuses on personality, behavior, and ways of thinking as possible causes of abnormality

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4
Q

what is a theory

A

set of assumptions about the likely causes of abnormality and appropriate treatments

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5
Q

what is the biopsychosocial approach

A

approach to psychopathology that seeks to integrate biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and treating psychopathology

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6
Q

what is the diathesis-stress model

A

model that asserts that only when a diathesis or vulnerability interacts with a stress or trigger will disorder emerge

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7
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

part of the brain that regulates complex activities, such as speech and analytical thinking

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8
Q

what is the thalamus

A

structure of the brain that directs incoming information from sense receptors (such as vision and hearing) to the cerebrum

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9
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

component of the brain that regulates eating, drinking, sex,and basic emotions; abnormal behaviors involving any of these activities maybe the result of dysfunction in the hypothalamus

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10
Q

what is the limbic system

A

part of the brain that relays information from the primitive brain stem about changes in bodily functions to the cortex, where the information is interpreted

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11
Q

what is the amygdala

A

structure of the limbic system critical in emotions such as fear

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12
Q

what is the hippocampus

A

structure of the brain involved in memory and in the stress response

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13
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

biochemicals, released from a sending neuron, that transmit messages to a receiving neuron in the brain and nervous system

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14
Q

what is a synapse

A

space between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron into which neurotransmitters are first released (also known as the synaptic)

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15
Q

what are receptors

A

molecules on the membranes of neurons to which neurotransmitters bind

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16
Q

what is a reuptake

A

process in which a sending neuron reads orbs some of the neurotransmitter in the synapse, decreasing hate amount left in the synapse

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17
Q

what is degradation

A

process in which a receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse, breaking down neurotransmitters into other biochemicals

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18
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

system of glands that produces may different hormones

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19
Q

what is a hormone

A

chemical that carries messages throughout the body, potentially affecting a person’s mood, level of energy, and reaction to stress

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20
Q

what is the pituitary

A

major endocrine gland that relies partly on the outgrowth of the brain and just below the hypothalamus; produces the largest amount of different hormones and controls the secretions of other endocrine glands

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21
Q

what are behavioral generics

A

Study of the processes by which genes affect behavior in the extent to which personality and abnormal are genetically inherited

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22
Q

what are polygenic

A

combination of many genes each of which make a small contribution to inherited trait

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23
Q

what are epigenetics

A

environmental conditions can change the expression of genes without changing the gene sequence

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24
Q

what are antipsychotic drugs

A

drugs use to treat psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations and disorganized thinking

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25
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat symptoms of depression, such a sad mood, negative thinking, and the services of sleep and appetite; common types of tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
26
lithium
drug used to treat manic and depressive symptoms
27
anticonvulsants
drugs used to treat mania and depression
28
antianxiety drugs
drugs used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and other psychological symptoms
29
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Treatment for depression involves the induction of a brain seizure bypassing electrical current to the patient’s brain while he or she is anesthetized
30
psychosurgery
rare treatment for medical disorders and which is neurosurgeon attempts to destroy small areas of the brain thoughts of being involved in a patient’s symptoms
31
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning, stimulus that naturally elicits a reaction, such as food elicits salvation in dogs
32
unconditioned response (UR)
in classical conditioning, response that naturally follows wanna certain stimulus appearance, such as a dog salivating when it smells food
33
condition stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, previously neutral stimulus that through pairing with natural stimulus, become sufficient to elicit a response
34
condition response (CR)
in classical conditioning, response the first followed a natural similar but now follows a conditioned stimulus
35
operant conditioning
form of learning and which behaviorly to consequences that either ran force or punish the organism, leading to an increased or decreased probability of a future response
36
Modeling
process of lighting behaviors by imitating others, especially authority figures or people like oneself
37
observational learning
occurs when a person observes a rewards and punishments of another’s behavior and then behaves in accordance with the same rewards and punishments
38
behavioral therapies
psychotherapeutic approaches that focused on identifying the reinforcement and punishment contributing to a persons maladaptive behaviors and on changing specific behaviors
39
systematic desensitization therapy
type of behavior therapy that accepts to reduce client anxiety through relaxation techniques and progressive exposure to fear stimuli
40
casual attribution 
explanation for why an event occurred
41
global assumptions
Fundamental beliefs that encompass all types of situations
42
Cognitive therapies
therapeutic approaches that focus on changing people‘s maladaptive thought patterns
43
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
treatment focused on changing negative parents of thinking and solving concrete patterns three sessions in which a therapist helps a client challenge negative thoughts, consider alternative perspectives, and take affective notes
44
psychodynamic theories
Theories developed by Freud’s followers but usually differing someone from phrase original theories
45
Catharsis
expression of emotions connected to memories and conflicts, which, according to Freud, leaves to the release of energy used to keep these memories in the unconscious
46
repression
defense mechanism in which the ego pushes anxiety provoking material back into the unconscious
47
ego psychology
Brands of psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of the individuals ability to regulate defenses in ways that allow healthy functioning within the realities of society
48
object relations
view held by a group of modern psychodynamic theorists that one develops a self concept and appraisals of others and a four-stage process during childhood and retains them through out adulthood; psychopathology consistent of an incomplete progression through these stages or an acquisition of poor self and other concepts
49
self psychology
form of psychoanalytic theory and therapy develop by Heinz Kohut in which psychopatholy is viewed as being the result of disrupted or unmet developmental needs
50
relational psychoanalysis
a sub field of psychoanalysis that emphasizes internalized relationships with other people based on influences of early formative relationships with parents and other attachment figures
51
collective unconscious
according to Carl Jung, the wisdom accumulated by a society over hundreds of years of human existence and stored in the memories of individuals
52
psychodynamic therapies
therapies focused on uncovering and resolving unconscious conflicts that drive psychological symptoms
53
free association
method of uncovering unconscious conflicts in which the client is taught to talk about whatever comes to mind, without censoring any thoughts.
54
resistance
in psychodynamic therapy, when a client finds it difficult or impossible to address certain material; client’s resistance signals an unconscious conflict, which the therapist then tries to interpret 
55
transference
in psychodynamic therapies, the clients reaction to the therapist as id the therapist were an important person in his or her early development; the clients feeling and beliefs about this other person are transferred onto the therapist
56
working through
a method used in psychodynamic therapies in which the client repeatedly goes over and over painful memories and difficult issues as a way to understand and accept them
57
interpersonal therapies (IPT)
more structured, short term version of psychodynamic therapies 
58
humanistic theories
views that people strive to develop in their innate potential for goodness and self actualization; abnormally arises as the result of social societal pressures to conform to unchosen dictates that clash with a person self actualization needs and form an inability to satisfy more basic needs, such as hunger
59
Client-centered therapy (CCT)
call Roger‘s form of psychotherapy, which consists of an equal relationship between therapist and client as the client searches for his or her inner self, receiving unconditional positive regard and empathetic understanding from the therapist
60
reflection
method of responding in which of therapist expresses his or her attempt to understand what the client is experiencing and/or trying to communicate
61
family systems theories
theories that see the family as a complex system that works to maintain the status quo
62
family systems therapy
psychotherapy that focuses on the family, rather than the individual, as a source of problems; Family therapist challenge communication styles, disrupt pathological family dynamics, and challenge defensive conceptions in order to harmonize relationships amount all members and within each other. 
63
third way approaches
modern psychotherapeutic techniques that combine elements of the first – and second wave approaches – behavior therapy and cognitive therapy, respectfully du with mindfulness meditation practices derived from Zen Buddhism to help people except, understand, and better regulate their emotions
64
mindfulness
A state of consciousness and which attention is focused on present moment phenomena
65
multiculturalism
The recognition and inclusion of all cultural factors such as client and counselor world views, ethnicity/race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and social justice
66
primary prevention
prevention of the development of psychological disorders before they start
67
secondary prevention
detection of psychological disorders in their earliest stages and treatment designed to reduce their development
68
tertiary prevention
program focusing on people who already have a disease within the aim of preventing relapse and reducing the impact of the disease on the persons quality of life

Abnormal Psychology (15 decks)

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