Chapter 2

Question 1

c()

Answer 1

to create an object containing a set of values (we call this a “Vector”, and c stands for concatenate). dolphin = c(2, 3, 7, 45, 4, 0)

Question 2

help.start()

Answer 2

help()

Question 3

example()

Answer 3

vvv

Question 4

data()

Answer 4

hhh

Question 5

Quantitative

Answer 5

A way of describing data using numbers

quantities

Question 6

Qualitative:

Answer 6

A way of describing data using descriptions
and concepts (qualities), rather than numbers.

Question 7

Numerical variable:

Answer 7

A set of recorded observations that
are inherently ordered on a scale of numbers. Example:
height (for people) or number of letters (for spelled forms
of words).

Question 8

Continuous values:

Answer 8

Values that you can always
subdivide into smaller units. The number of distinct
values for a continuous variable is in theory infinite.
Example: height. If your range is 70-170 cm, you may have
an infinite number of possible fractions or decimals, such as
the possible values {72.5, 72.49, 72.486458, 72 . …}

Question 9

 Discrete values:

Answer 9

Values that are always integers and
can’t be subdivided into fractions. For a definite
range of values, you will have a finite number of
possible values. Example: number of letters. If your
range is 1-15 letters, you can only have 15 possible
values {1,2,3,4…15}.

Question 10

Histogram

Answer 10

A special type of bar plot used to
represent the frequencies for different values of a
discrete numerical variable. Specifically, the bars of a
histogram must be arranged in strict numerical order
and there must be a space left for an “invisible” bar for
any value where there are no tokens within the range
of values for the sample.

Question 11

Categorical variable

Answer 11

a set of recorded
observations of group or category membership
 Example: Digraph gh has for possible pronunciations: /f/,
/g/, /p/, and

Question 12

Ordinal variable

Answer 12

ranked categorical variables
 Example: familiar, unfamiliar, unknown
 Ranking can be expressed in numbers.
 Example: familiarity rating for words (1-7)
 Example: speech accent rating (1-5)

Question 13

Nine letters

Answer 13

most common size of our

“bigwords” sample

Question 14

four letters

Answer 14

most common size for our “small words”

sample.