Chapter 2

Question 1

What are the three subatomic particles?

Answer 1

proton, neutron, electron

Question 2

What four elements make up 96% of the weight of chemicals in your body?

Answer 2

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 3

What are ionic bonds?

Answer 3

Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons
Result from the electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions (NaCl)

Question 4

What are covalent bonds?

Answer 4

Formed when 2 atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons (H2, CH4)

Question 5

What are polar bonds?

Answer 5

When one atom has greater affinity for elections than another atom (H2O)

Question 6

What are non-polar bonds?

Answer 6

When electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms (O2)

Question 7

What are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 7

When a hydrogen atom is attracted to a very electronegative atom (O or N)

Question 8

What is a cation?

Answer 8

positively charged ions (lost electrons)

Question 9

What is an anion?

Answer 9

negatively charged ions (gained electrons)

Question 10

What is hydrophilic?

Answer 10

water-loving

Question 11

What is hydrophobic?

Answer 11

water-repelling

Question 12

What is high-heat capacity?

Answer 12

absorbs large amounts of heat before changing appreciable temperature itself

Question 13

What is an electrolyte?

Answer 13

inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution

Question 14

What is a solution?

Answer 14

a uniform mixture of two or more substances

Question 15

What is a solvent?

Answer 15

A liquid in which other atoms , ions, or molecules are distributed

Question 16

What is a solute?

Answer 16

The dissolved substances

Question 17

Why is water a good solvent?

Answer 17

More substances dissolve in it than any other liquid

Question 18

What is an acid?

Answer 18

A solution with a pH below 7; any solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions

Question 19

What is a base?

Answer 19

A solution with a pH above 7; a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution

Question 20

What is pH the measure of?

Answer 20

hydrogen ion concentration

Question 21

What is the normal pH range?

Answer 21

7.35-7.45

Question 22

What is extremely acidic, neutral, and extremely basic?

Answer 22

stomach acid, water, oven cleaner

Question 23

What is a buffer?

Answer 23

compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions (sodium bicarbonate)

Question 24

What is acidosis?

Answer 24

when your pH drops below 7.35

Question 25

What is alkalosis?

Answer 25

when your pH elevates above 7.45

Question 26

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 26

consist of C, H, O (C-H2O); simple sugars; monosaccharides. disaccharides complex: polysaccharides = mono+di, cellulose, chitin, starch, glycogen

Question 27

What are lipids?

Answer 27

fatty acids, triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids, fat-soluble vitamins dissolves in non-polar solvent

Question 28

What are proteins?

Answer 28

The workhorse of cells, 7 major functions: support, movement, transport, buffering, regulation of pH, coordination and control, defense

Question 29

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 29

large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

Question 30

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 30

simple sugars composed of CHO in proportions 1:2:1

Question 31

What are disaccharides?

Answer 31

molecules composed of 2 monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis

Question 32

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 32

monosaccharides and disaccharides linked together in 1 chain; water soluble; glycogen

Question 33

what are fatty acids?

Answer 33

long chains of C and H with a carboxyl group (COOH) on one end

Question 34

What is triacylglycerol?

Answer 34

energy storage, long chains of C and H with one long line

Question 35

What is Glycerophospholipids?

Answer 35

cell membrane; long chains of C and H with multiple long lines

Question 36

What are steroids?

Answer 36

cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone; carbon atoms arranged in 4 rings physiological regulators and component of cell membrane

Question 37

What are eicosanoids?

Answer 37

important regulatory molecules, response to injury and hormone secretion; derived from fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acid

Question 38

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 38

A, D, E, K

Question 39

What are the 4 levels of protein structure and what do they do?

Answer 39

primary - amino acid structure 1 by 1 secondary - hydrogen bonding in between peptide bonds (ribbon) tertiary - 3-D interactions of primary structure; peptide folded in on itself H bond crimped quaternary - 4 different protein molecules

Question 40

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 40

a complex molecule broken down by the addition of a water molecule

Question 41

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 41

two molecules are joined together by the removal of a water molecule

Question 42

What is DNA? what does it look like?

Answer 42

in nucleus; long term chemical information; double helix sugar: deoxyribose

Question 43

What is RNA? What does it look like?

Answer 43

in cell of cytosol; short term chemical information; single helix sugar: ribose

Question 44

What is DNA made of?

Answer 44

nucleotide: 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group

Question 45

What are the 4 bases of DNA?

Answer 45

adenine: double ring guanine: double ring thymine: single ring cytosine: single ring

Question 46

What is an enzyme?

Answer 46

Promote chemical reactions by lowering their required activation energy

Question 47

What is activation energy?

Answer 47

the amount of energy required to start a reaction