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Psych 101 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a population in a research study ?

A

The entire group in which the investigator wants to draw conclusions from

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2
Q

What is a sample ?

A

The subset of a population chosen by the investigator for a study

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3
Q

What is the difference between a random sample and a random assignment ?

A

A random sample is about giving the population an equal representation in a study or the sample being a representation of the population a random assignment is about making the experimental and the control group equivalent

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4
Q

2 common physical settings for research

A

Research lab or natural settings

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5
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

Viewing behavior in a real world setting

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6
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

A mathematical procedure that is used to describe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way

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7
Q

Experimental Design

A
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8
Q

Mean

A

The average

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9
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

The mean, the median, the mode

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10
Q

Median

A

Middle score

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11
Q

Mode

A

Most common score

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12
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The measure of how much the scores in a sample differ from the average or mean

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13
Q

Measures of Dispersion

A

Describes how much the scores in a sample differ from one another

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14
Q

How do you calculate Standard Deviation

A

Take each persons difference from the mean and square it then add the squared deviation and divide by the number of cases minus 1 then take the square root of that number

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15
Q

What is meant by the measure of central tendency ?

A

The mean the median and the mode

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16
Q

What 2 things do the ethical principles used in research seek to balance

A

Rights of the participants and the rights of the scientists to ask research questions

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17
Q

With respect to participants in a study, what to the various ethical guidelines covering research all fundamentally seek to protect ?

A
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18
Q

What 4 key issues do the APA’s ethics guidelines address

A
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19
Q

What did pennebakers subsequent experimental research show ?

A
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20
Q

What does the accumulated body of evidence indicate about the effects of expressive writing on health?

A
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21
Q

Theory

A

A set of ideas or idea that helps explain observations and allows scientists to make predictions.

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22
Q

5 steps of the scientific method

A
  1. Observing some phenomena
  2. Formulating Hypotheses and predictions
  3. Testing through empirical research
  4. Drawing Conclusions
  5. Evaluating the theory
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23
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess or a prediction that is able to be tested

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24
Q

Prediction

A

A statement about the expectation of the outcome of a study

25
Empirical Method
Gaining understanding through observations and objective data
26
Variable
Anything that can change
27
Operational Definition
An objective definition that describes how the variable is going to be observed and measured
28
Case Study
An in depth look at a single individual
29
Case History
30
Confederate
31
Control Group
32
Correlational Research
Studies the relationship between two variables to find out if they change and why they change together
33
Cross Sectional Design
A type of correlational study in which the variables are measured at a single point in time
34
Demand Characteristic
35
Dependent Variable
What is changing based on the independent variable
36
Descriptive Research
Describes a phenomenon or defines it and can identify problems. Cannot prove what causes the phenomena
37
Descriptive Statistics
38
Double Blind Experiment
39
Empirical Method
40
Experiment
A regulated procedure in which a researcher manipulates one or more variables
41
Experimental group
42
Experiment Bias
43
External Validity
The degree to which an experiment replicates real world issues it is supposed to address
44
Hypothesis
45
Independent Variable
What the researcher changes to see how it affects the variable
46
Inferential Statistics
Mathematical data that shows wether the data sufficiently support a hypothesis
47
Internal Validity
The degree to which changes in the dependent variable are because of the independent variable
48
Longitudinal Design
A systematic observation that involves obtaining measures of the variables being studied over a long period of time
49
Third Variable Problem
Unmeasured variable that is the reason for the relationship between to correlated variables
50
Naturalistic Observation
51
Population
The entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions
52
Placebo effect
53
Range
The distance between the highest and lowest score
54
Replication
Repeating a study with a new sample to see if the outcome is the same
55
Research participant bias
56
Meta analysis
A statistical procedure that combines a large amount of evidence from research literature on a specific topic
57
Why is an operational definition valuable in a study
It is valuable bc it sets a clear definition for how the variable will be observed and measured in order to eliminate misunderstanding and increase validity of study
58
Why do researchers use meta analysis
To determine wether a result is consistent and to estimate the size of the relationship between variables or the effect of an intervention
59
Random Sample
A sample that gives every member from the population an equal chance of getting chosen

Psych 101 (4 decks)

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