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Adolescent Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Compared to children

A

better at thinking about what is possible, abstract things, thinking about thinking, multidimensional thinking, relative rather than absolute

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2
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

A type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises, or givens

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3
Q

Hypothetical thinking

A

related to deductive reasoning, “if-then” thinking

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4
Q

Abstract thinking

A

a notable aspect of cognitive development, the ability to think about things that can’t be experienced directly through the five senses

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5
Q

Metacognition

A

The process of thinking about thinking, can lead to increased introspection and self-consciousness

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6
Q

Imaginary audience

A

the belief, often brought on by the heightened self-consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching and evaluating

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7
Q

Personal fable

A

An adolescent’s belief that they are unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other people’s behavior

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8
Q

Adolescent relativism

A

not seeing things as absolute or black and white bit on a more relative way

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9
Q

Cognitive developmental view

A

A perspective on development, based on the work of Piaget, that takes a qualitative, stage-theory approach, which is a fixed sequence

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10
Q

Sensorimotor period

A

The first stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period roughly between birth and age 2.

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11
Q

Preoperational period

A

The second stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning roughly ages 2-5

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12
Q

Concrete operations

A

The third stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period roughly between age 6 and early adolescence

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13
Q

Formal operations

A

The fourth stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period from early adolescence through adulthood

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14
Q

Information - processing perspective

A

A perspective on cognition that derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process (such as memory)

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15
Q

Selective attention

A

The process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another

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16
Q

Divided attention

A

The process of paying attention to to or more stimuli at the same time

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17
Q

Working Memory

A

That aspect of memory in which information is held for a shot time while a problem is being solved

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18
Q

Long-term memory

A

The ability to recall something from a long time ago

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19
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

The recall of personally meaningful past events

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20
Q

Reminiscence bump

A

The fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages o life

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21
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

A technique used to produce images o the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task

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22
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

A technique used to produce images of the brain that shows connections among different regions

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23
Q

Speed

A

Older adolescents process information at a higher __ than early and pre- adolescents

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24
Q

15

Study These Flashcards
A

By this age, adolescents are just as proficient as adults in basic cognitive abilities. As well as working memory, attention, and logical reasoning abilities increase throughout childhood and early adolescence.

25
Brain Structure
The physical form and organization of the brain
26
Brain Function
Patterns of brain activity
27
Electroencephalography (EEG)
A technique for measuring electrical activity at a different locations on the scalp
28
Event-related potentials (ERPs)
Changes in electrical activity in areas of the brain in response to specific stimuli or events
29
neurons
nerve cells
30
Synapse
The gap in space between neurons, across which neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses
31
neurotransmitters
Specialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses between neurons
32
Synaptic pruning
The process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of information processing
33
Myelination
The process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin, which improves the efficiency of information processing
34
Gray matter
The paths in the brain that we don't use
35
White matter
cells other than neurons also play a role in transmitting electrical impulses along brain circuits.
36
Plasticity
The capacity o the brain to change in response to experience
37
Developmental plasticity
Extensive remodeling of the brain's circuitry in response to experiences during childhood and adolescence, while the brain is still maturing
38
adult plasticity
Relatively minor changes in brain circuits as results of experiences during adulthood, after the brain has matured
39
Prefrontal cortex
The region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities, such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks and rewards, and controlling impulses
40
limbic system
an area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information, and reward and punishment. areas of the brain responsive to social rewards are highly activated in teens during emotionally charged conditions
41
Response inhibition
The suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required
42
Executive function
More advanced thinking abilities, enabled chiefly by the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, especially in early adolescence
43
Functional connectivity
The extent to which multiple brain regions function at the same time, which improves during adolescence
44
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward
45
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that is especially important for the experience of different moods
46
Social Brain
When the brain becomes more sensitive to social clues
47
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky's theory, the level of challenge that is still within the individual's reach but that forces an individual to develop more advanced skills
48
Scaffolding
Structuring a learning situation so that it is withing the reach of the student
49
Vygotsky
Argued that children and adolescents learn best in everyday situations when they encounter tasks that are neither too simple nor too advanced
50
Social Cognition
The aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people, about interpersonal relations, and about social institutions
51
Mentalizing
The ability to understand someone else's mental state
52
Theory of mind
The ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from one's own
53
Four studied concepts of social cognition
1. theory of mind 2. thinking about social relationships, 3. understanding social conventions, 4. conceptions of laws, civil liberties, and rights
54
Social conventions
the norms that govern everyday behavior in social situations
55
Behavior decision theory
An approach to understanding adolescent risk-taking, in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision-making processes.
56
5 step process to analyzing decisions of behavior
1. identifying alternative choices, 2. identifying the consequences that might follow from each choice. 3. evaluating the costs and benefits of each possible consequence, 4. assessing the likelihood of each possible consequence, and 5. combining all this information according to some decision rule
57
Sensation seeking
The pursuit of experiences that are novel or exciting
58
Compared to adults adolescents are
more susceptible to influence, less future-oriented, less risk averse, less able to manage their impulses and behaviors

Adolescent Psychology (3 decks)

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