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Biopsychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Synapse

A

A specialized gap between neurons

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2
Q

Reflexes

A

Automatic muscular responses to stimuli

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3
Q

Reflex arc

A

The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response

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4
Q

Which 3 properties of reflexes did Sherrington Observe

A
  • Reflexes are slower than conduction along an axon
  • Several weak stimuli presented at nearby places or times produce a stronger reflex than one stimulus alone does
  • When one set of muscles becomes excited, a different set becomes relaxed.
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5
Q

Temporal summation

A

A synapse is stimulated a second time before the effect of a first stimulus at the synapse has terminated.

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6
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

The neuron that delivers transmission

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7
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

The neuron that receives is

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8
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential EPSP

A

synaptic inputs that depolarize the postsynaptic cell, bringing the membrane potential closer to threshold and closer to firing an action potential.

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9
Q

Why a light pinch of the dog’sfoot did not evoke a reflex, but a few rapidly repeated pinches did?

A

A single pinch did not reach the threshold of excitation for the next neuron

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10
Q

Spatial summation

A

Summation over space

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11
Q

How did Sherrington find spatial summation

A

He pinched a dog too weak to elicit a reflex. After that he pinched two points at once.

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11
Q

How did Sherrington find spatial summation

A

He pinched a dog too weak to elicit a reflex. After that he pinched two points at once.

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12
Q

What was Sherrington’s conclusion about spatial summation?

A

Pinching two points activated seperate sensory neurons, whose axons converged onto one neuron in the spinal cord. A combination of both exceeded the threshold and produced an action potential.

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13
Q

How does a dog walk?

A

A pinch on the food sends a message along a sensory neuron to an interneuron that excites the motor neurons connected to the flexor muscles of that leg and the excensor muscles of the other legs

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14
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential IPSP

A

Temporary hyperpolarization of the membrane

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15
Q

When does an IPSP occur?

A

When synaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium ions to leave the cell (carrying a positive charge with them) or for chloride ions to enter the cell (carrying a negative charge)

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16
Q

Spontaneous firing rate

A

A periodic production of action potentials even without synaptic input

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17
Q

What does the EPSPs and IPSPs do in case of a spontaneous firing rate?

A

The EPSPs increase the frequency of action potentials above the spontaneous rate, whereas IPSPs decreases it.

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18
Q

the great majority of synapses rely on…

A

Chemical processes

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19
Q

What did Otto Loewi do/find out and how

A

He stimulated the vagus nerve to one frog’s heart, decreasing the heartbeat. When he transferred fluid from that heart to another frog’s heart, he observed a decrease in its heartbeat.

So he found out that nerves send messages by releasing chemicals.

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20
Q

Neurotransmitters of Amino Acids

A
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
  • Glycine
  • Aspartate
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21
Q

Neurotransmitters of a modified amino acid

A

Acetylcholine

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22
Q

Neurotransmitters of monoamines

A
  • Indoleamines: serotonin
  • Catecholamines: Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine: Epinephrine
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23
Q

Neurotransmitters of Neuropeptides

A

Endorphins

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24
Neurotransmitters
At a synapse, a neuron releases chemicals that affect another neurons. Those chemicals are neurotransmitters.
25
How do we call those chemicals that affect other neurons and that are released by neurons
Neurotransmitters
26
Nitric oxide
a gas released by many small local neurons
27
What is the oddest transmitter?
Nitric oxide
28
Catecholamines
Epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine together.
29
Vesicles
Tiny nearly spherical packets
30
MAO
* Neurons that release serotonin, dopamine or norepinephrine contain this enzyme. * It breaks down these transmitters into inactive chemicals, thereby preventing the transmitters to accumulate to harmful levels.
31
Exocytosis
Burst of release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron
32
Ionotropic effects
When the neurotransmitter attaches to its receptor, the receptor may open a channel. So it gives a brief on/off effect. Imagine a paper bag that is twisted shut at the top. If you untwist it, the opening grows larger so that something can go into or come out of the bag.
33
Transmitter-gated/ ligand-gated
The channels controlled by a neurotransmitter
34
Metabotropic effects
a type of membrane receptor that initiates a number of metabolic steps to modulate cell activity
35
G protein
a protein coupled to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), an energystoring molecule
36
Neuromodulators
a messenger released from a neuron that affects the transmission of the signals between neurons
37
What is the name of neuropeptide that the brain produces?
Endorphins
38
In which place synthesized? Say it for both neuropeptides and neurotransmitters?
* Cell body * presynaptic terminal
39
In which place released? Say it for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters
* Neuropeptides: Mostly from dendrites, also cell body and sides of axon * Neurotransmitters: axon terminal
40
Released by? Say it for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters
* Neuropeptides: Repeated depolarization * Neurotransmitters: Single action potential
41
Effect on neighboring cells? Say it for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters
* Neuropeptides:They release the neuropeptides too * Neurotransmitters: No effect on neighbors
42
Spread of effects? Say it for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters
* Neuropeptides: Diffuse to wide area * Neurotransmitters: Effect mostly on receptors of the adjacent postsynaptic cell
43
Duration of effects? Say it for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters
* Neuropeptides: Minutes * Neurotransmitters: Milliseconds to seconds
44
Acetylcholinesterase
After Acetylcholine activates a receptor, this enzyme breaks it into two fragments: acetate and choline. The choline diffuses back to the presynaptic neuron, which it takes it up and reconnects it with acetate already in the cell to form acetylcholine again.
45
Reuptake
the absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter that it has secreted.
46
COMT
Any transmitter molecules that the transporters do not take wil instead break down by this enzyme
47
Autoreceptors
Receptors that respond to the released transmitter by inhibiting further synthesis and release. They provide negative feedback
48
How do we make sure that we do not get too many transmitters notification?
* Many presynaptic terminals have receptor sensitive to the same transmitter they release, known as autoreceptors. * Some postsynaptic neurons respond to stimulation by releasing chemicals that travel back to the presynaptic terminal to inhibit further release of transmitter.
49
Gap junction
The contact between an electrical synapse and the direct contact with the membrane of another.
50
What is the main synaptic effect of Amphetamine?
Blocks reuptake of dopamine and several other transmitters
51
What is the main synaptic effect of Cocaine
Blocks reuptake of dopamine and several other transmitters
52
What is the main synaptic effect of Methylphenidate (ritalin)
Blocks reuptake of dopamine and others, but gradually
53
What is the main synaptic effect of MDMA
Releases dopamine and serotonin
54
What is the main synaptic effect of Nicotine?
Stimulates nicotinic-type acetylcholine receptor, which increases dopamine release in nucleur accumbens
55
What is the main synaptic effect of Opiates
Stimulates endorphin receptors
56
What is the main synaptic effect of Cannabinoids
Excites negative-feedback receptors on presynaptic cells; those receptors ordinarily respond to anandamide and 2AG
57
What is the main synaptic effect of Hallucinogens?
Stimulates serotonin type 2A receptors.
58
Hormone
A chemical secreated by cells in one part of the body and conveyed by the blood to influence other cells
59
Two types of hormones
* Protein hormones * peptide hormones
60
Endocrine glands
Hormone producing
61
Which hormone does the Hypothalamus secrease?
Various ones
62
Which hormone are being secreased by the anterior pituitary?
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone * Luteinizing hormone- stimulates ovulation * Follicle-stimulating hormone- promotes ovum maturation and sperm production * ACTH- increases steroid hormone production by adrenal gland * Prolactin- Increase milk production * Growth hormone
63
Which hormone is secreased by posterior pituitary?
* Oxytocin- Uterine contractios, milk release and sexual pleasure * Vasopressin- Raises blood pressure, decreases urine volume

Biopsychology (3 decks)

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