Chapter 3.1 Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
Central nervous system CNS
A
The brain and the spinal cord
2
Q
Peripheral nervous system PNS
A
Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
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Q
Parts of the PNS
A
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
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Somatic nervous system
A
Consists of the axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles.
5
Q
Autonomic nervous system
A
Controls the heart, intestines, and other organs.
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Q
Dorsal
A
Toward the back
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Q
Ventral
A
Toward the stomach
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Q
Anterior
A
Toward the front end
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Q
Posterior
A
Toward the rear end
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Q
Superior
A
Above another part
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Q
Inferior
A
Below another part
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Lateral
A
Toward the side, away from the midline
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Medial
A
Toward the midline, away from the side
14
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Proximal
A
Located close to the point of origin or attachment
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Distal
A
Located more distant from the point of origin or attachment
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Ipsilateral
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On the same side of the body (e.g., two parts on the left or two on the right)
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Contralateral
A
On the opposite side of the body (one on the left and one on the right)
18
Q
Coronal plane
A
A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the front
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Sagittal plane
A
A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side
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Horizontal plane
A
A plane that shows brain structures as seen from above
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Spinal cord
A
- Part of the CNS within the spinal column.
- The spinal cord communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head.
22
Q
Dorsal root ganglia
A
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord
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Lamina
A
A row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites
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Column
A
A set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with similar properties
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Tract
A set of axons within the CNS, also known as a projection. If axons extend from cell bodies in structure A to synapses onto B, we say that the fibers “project” from A onto B.
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Nerve
A set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS
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Nucleus
A cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
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Ganglion
A cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside the CNS (as in the sympathetic nervous system)
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How does the spinal cord work?
Each segment of the spinal cord sends sensory information to the brain and receives motor commands from the brain. All that information passes through tracts of axons in the spinal cord
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Two parts of the autonomic nervous system
* Sympathetic nervous system
* Parasympathetic nervous system
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Sympathetic nervous system
* A network of nerves that prepare the organs for a burst of vigorous activity
* Consists of chains of ganglia just to the left and right of the spinal cord’s central regions (the thoracic and lumbar areas).
* These ganglia have connections back and forth with the spinal cord. Sympathetic axons prepare the organs for “fight or flight,” such as by increasing breathing and heart rate and decreasing digestive activity.
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Parasympathetic nervous system
* Generally the opposite of, sympathetic activities.
* For example, the sympa- thetic nervous system increases heart rate, and the parasym- pathetic nervous system decreases it
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The 3 major divisions of the brain
* The hindbrain
* The midbrain
* Forebrain
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Hindbrain
The posterior part of the brain, consists of the the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum.
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Brainstem
The medulla and pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain
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Medulla
An enlarged extension of the spinal cord
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Cranial Nerves
Originating in the medulla control vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing.
Because opiate receptors, which suppress activity, are abundant in the medulla, opiates can produce a dangerous decrease in breathing and heart rate.
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Pons
lies anterior and ventral to the medulla. Like the medulla, it contains nuclei for several cranial nerves.
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Cerebellum
a large hindbrain structure with many deep folds. It has long been known for its contributions to the control of movement
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Major structures of the forebrain
Thalamus, hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia
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Major structures of the Midbrain
Tectum, tegmentum, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra
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Major structures of the Hindbrain
Medulla, pons, cerebellum
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The midbrain
in the middle of the brain
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Tectum
The roof of the midbrain
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Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
* The swellings on each side of the tec-tum
* Both are important for sensory processing
* The inferior colliculus for hearing
* the superior colliculus for vision.
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Tegmentum
* Under the tectum
* The intermediate level of the midbrain
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substantia nigra
Gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.
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The cranial Nerves
* Olfactory
* Optic
* Oculomotor
* Trochlear
* Trigeminal
* Abducens
* Facial
* Statoacoustic
* Glossopharyngeal
* Vagus
* Accessory
* Hypoglossal
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Major function of the olfactory nerve
Smell
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Major function of the opric nerve
Vision
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Oculomotor
Control of eye movements; pupil constriction
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Major function of the trigmenial
Skin sensation from most of the face; control of jaw muscles for chewing and swallowing
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Major function of the facial nerve
Taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue; control of facial expressions, crying, salivation, and dilation of the head’s blood vessels
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Major function of the statoacoustic nerve
Hearing
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Major function of the glossopharyngeal
Taste and other sensations from throat and posterior third of the tongue; control of swallowing, salivation, throat movements during speech
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Major function of the vagus nerve
Sensations from neck and thorax; control of throat, esophagus, and larynx; parasympathetic nerves to stomach, intestines, and other organs
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Major function of the hypoglossal nerve
Control of muscles of the tongue
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Forebrain
* consists of two cerebral hemispheres, one on the left and one on the right.
* Each hemisphere is organized to receive sensory information, mostly from the contralateral (opposite) side of the body.
* It controls muscles, mostly on the contralateral side, by way of axons to the spinal cord and the cranial nerve nuclei.
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Limbic system
* the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus
* Forms a border around the brainstem
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Hypothalamus is essential for xx
* Control of eating, drinking,
* temperature control,
* reproductive behaviors
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Amygdala is essential for xx
* for evaluating emotional information, especially fear
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Thalamus
* A pair of structures (left and right) in the center of the forebrain.
* Most sensory information goes first to the thalamus, which processes it and sends output to the cerebral cortex.
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Hypothalamus
* a small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus
* Partly through nerves and partly by releasing hormones, the hypothalamus conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones.
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Pituitary gland
* An endocrine (hormone-producing) gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus
* In response to messages from the hypothalamus, the pituitary synthesizes hormones that the blood carries to organs throughout the body.
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Basal Ganglia
* A group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus, include three major structures:
* the caudate nucleus,
* the putamen,
* globus pallidus
Damage impairs movement
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Nucleus basalis
* receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex
* For arousal, wakefulness, and attention
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Hippocampus
* a large structure between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, mostly toward the posterior of the forebrain
* critical for certain types of memories, especially memories for individual events
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Ventricles
Your brain floats in a bath of cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid also fills large open structures, called ventricles, which lie deep inside your brain. The fluid-filled ventricles help keep the brain buoyant and cushioned.
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Cerebrospinal fleud CSF
a clear fluid similar to blood plasma. CSF fills the ventricles, flow- ing from the lateral ventricles to the third and fourth ven- tricles.
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Meninges
membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
