Chapter 2

Question 1

To take care of others, we must first: __________________________.

Answer 1

Take care of ourselves.

Question 2

What are three types of hazards encountered?

Answer 2

1.) Personal neglect
2.) Environmental and human-made threats
3.) Mental and Physical Stress

Question 3

Health is a complex interaction between ______________, __________ and ______________ connections.

Answer 3

Physical, Mental and Emotional

Question 4

True or False: Chronic physical, mental or emotional stresses can worsen or increase the chance for developing health conditions.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

True or False: All reactions to stress are negative.

Answer 5

False: Eustress (good stress) creates a positive response.
Distress causes a negative response.

Question 6

This is the active pursuit of a state of good health.

Answer 6

Wellness

Question 7

This is the capacity of an individual to cope with and recover from distress

Answer 7

Resilience

Question 8

What are six ways to increase wellness and resilience?

Answer 8

1.) Eat a healthy and well-balanced diet
2.) Ensure a minimum of 7 to 9 hours of sleep
3.) Strengthen positive relationships with family and friends
4.) Build relationships with peers and colleagues
5.) Incorporate daily stretching movement and exercise
6.) Build habits of mindfulness and positivity

Question 9

What are some examples of ways can you manage stress?

Answer 9

1.) Minimize or eliminate stressors
2.) Change partners to avoid a negative or hostile personality.
3.) Change work hours.
4.) Change the work environment
5.) Cut back on overtime
6.) Change you attitude about the stressor
7.) Talk about your feelings
8.) Seek Professional Counseling if needed
9.) Do not obsess over frustrating situations
10.) Try to adopt a relaxed, philosophical outlook
11.) Expand your social support system
12.) Develop friends and interest outside EMS
13.) Limit intake of caffeine, alcohol and tobacco

Question 10

What are important nutrition guidelines to follow?

Answer 10

Eat regular, well-balanced meals

Limit consumption of sugars, fats, sodium and alcohol

Maintain adequate fluid intake

Question 11

True or False: Regular exercise enhances the benefits of good nutrition and adequate hydration

Answer 11

True

Question 12

True or False: Good physical condition allows you to handle stress more easily.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

True or False: You should engage in at least 10 minutes of moderate or vigorous physical activity 5 days per week.

Answer 13

False: At least 30 minutes 5 days per week.

Question 14

The National Sleep Foundation and the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommend this many hours of sleep per night: _______________.

Answer 14

7 to 9.

Question 15

What are the common side effects from lack of sleep?

Answer 15

Severe mental and physical fatigue

Question 16

Evidence-based guidelines for fatigue management have been developed under the _______________ and through the _____________________________________.

Answer 16

US DOT & National Association of State EMS Officials

Question 17

What are the recommendations to combat fatigue?

Answer 17

1.) Get an adequate duration and quality of sleep

2.) Take 20-30 minute naps during shift work

3.) Increase activity

4.) Limit caffeine consumption

5.) Engage in mental exercise

Question 18

What are some ways to improve sleep quality?

Answer 18

1.) Avoid caffeine and nicotine at least 4 hours before bedtime

2.) Ensure your sleep environment is dark, quiet and cool

3.) Nap early

4.) Avoid heavy presleep meals

5.) Balance fluid intake

6.) Establish a calming presleep routine

7.) Sleep when truly tired

8.) Don’t watch the clock

9.) Keep a consistent sleep schedule

10.) Expose yourself to natural light during your waking hours

Question 19

_____________ focuses on medical care and prevention to avoid the effects of disease

Answer 19

Disease Prevention

Question 20

________________ focuses on personal practices and social habits to improve one’s health.

Answer 20

Health Promotion

Question 21

True or False: Smoking, vaping and chewing nicotine can all lead to cardiovascular and respiratory illness as well as cancer.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

True or False: Acceptable alcohol consumption is described to be one drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or False: Alcohol has no major affect long term on developing certain cancers.

Answer 23

False: Excessive alcohol use can adversely affect many body systems and increase the risk of developing certain cancers

Question 24

True or False: Many EMS agencies drug test their employees for illegal and prescription drug use.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

True or False: Balancing work life with family and health is not usually significant.

Answer 25

False: It is important. Try to rotate your schedule for time off, take vacations and seek help with stress becomes too much to handle.

Question 26

Infectious disease is caused by organisms ___________ the body.

Answer 26

Within

Question 27

_________________ diseases can be spread from person to person and from one species to another

Answer 27

Communicable

Question 28

What are three ways infection risk can be minimized?

Answer 28

1.) Immunization 2.) Protective Techniques 3.) Handwashing

Question 29

What is an example of a direct contact route of transmission?

Answer 29

Bloodbourne pathogens

Question 30

What is an example of a indirect contact route of transmission?

Answer 30

Needlesticks

Question 31

What is an example of a airbourne route of transmission?

Answer 31

Sneezing/coughing

Question 32

What is an example of a Foodborne route of transmission?

Answer 32

Contaminated Food

Question 33

What is an example of a vector-borne route of transmission?

Answer 33

Fleas/Ticks

Question 34

True or False: All EMTs are trained in handling blood-borne pathogens.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

The CDC developed standard precautions for prevention of infectious and communicable diseases for EMS staff. These include:

Answer 35

1.) Hand hygiene 2.) PPE (Gloves, Gown, Mask, Eye Protection, Face Shield)

Question 36

What is putting on full PPE called?

Answer 36

Donning

Question 37

What is removal of full PPE called?

Answer 37

Doffing

Question 38

_______________ is the simplest, yet most effective way to control disease transmission.

Answer 38

Handwashing

Question 39

True or False: You only need to wash your hands before and after patients if you didn't wear gloves.

Answer 39

False: You should ALWAYS wash your hands even if you wore gloves before and after patient contact.

Question 40

If there is no running water accessible, what is the next option?

Answer 40

Waterless handwashing substitute (Hand sanitizer)

Question 41

True or False: You should wear gloves always if there is any possibility for exposure to blood or bodily fluids.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Which types of gloves are effective?

Answer 42

Vinyl, Nitrile and Latex

Question 43

True or False: You can remove your gloves any way as long as you wash you hands after.

Answer 43

False: Removing gloves requires a special technique to avoid contaminating yourself with materials on the outside of the gloves.

Question 44

Eye Protection protects from: ______________.

Answer 44

Blood Splatters

Question 45

True or False: Prescription glasses are an adequate substitute for a face shield?

Answer 45

False

Question 46

What is an adequate substitute for a face shield if necessary?

Answer 46

Goggles

Question 47

What are gowns useful for?

Answer 47

Provide protection from extensive blood splatter.

Question 48

What are some examples of extensive blood splatter.

Answer 48

1.) Aerosol-generating procedures 2.) Field delivery of a baby 3.) Major trauma

Question 49

This type of mask is worn for fluid spatter and communicable disease.

Answer 49

Standard Surgical Mask

Question 50

This type of mask is used when coming into contact with a patient who has tuberculosis or any other airborne disease: _______________.

Answer 50

Mask with particulate air respirator

Question 51

True or False: Mouth to Mouth resuscitation may transmit disease?

Answer 51

True

Question 52

If a patient is infected when you need to perform CPR use these devices: _________________ or __________________.

Answer 52

Pocket Mask or Bag Mask Device

Question 53

Proper _______________ of sharps helps avoid HIV and Hepatitis contact.

Answer 53

Disposal

Question 54

Do not recap, break or _______ needles.

Answer 54

Bend

Question 55

True or False: You need to dispose of sharp items in an approved closed (marked biohazard) container.

Answer 55

True

Question 56

True or False: If you follow all the safety guideline as an EMS you are guaranteed a 100% safe and risk-free environment at all times.

Answer 56

False, there is a risk of exposure to communicable diseases and it is a hazard of being and EMT. If you follow OSHA and other national guidelines it will greatly reduce your risk. Know your department's infection control plan and follow it.

Question 57

True or False: Infection control should be a part of your daily routine.

Answer 57

True

Question 58

True or False: You should clean the ambulance at least on a weekly basis.

Answer 58

False, on a daily basis and after each run.

Question 59

T/F: If germs reach you, you will automatically become infected.

Answer 59

False, you may be already immune to certain pathogens.

Question 60

How can you personally prevent yourself from becoming ill when exposed to communicable diseases?

Answer 60

Maintain your personal health and receive immunizations when necessary

Question 61

What immunizations does the CDC recommend for EMTs?

Answer 61

Hepatitis B, Influenza, MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) , Varicella (Chickenpox) and Tdap (Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis)

Question 62

What condition can you have a skin test done to determine if antibodies are present?

Answer 62

Tuberculosis

Question 63

What are the five steps to take if you are exposed to a patient's blood or bodily fluids?

Answer 63

1.) Turn over patient care to another EMS provider 2.) Clean the exposed area 3.) Rinse your eyes for 20 minutes (if needed) 4.) Activate your department's infection control plan 5.) Complete an exposure report

Question 64

Begin protecting yourself as soon as you are: ____________

Answer 64

Dispatched

Question 65

True or False: In terms of hazardous materials, identify what you can from a distance and do not enter unless it is safe to do so.

Answer 65

True

Question 66

What are some types of EMT encountered hazards?

Answer 66

Electricity, Fire, Vehicle Crashes

Question 67

If an electricity situation is beyond the scope of EMT training, what is the next step?

Answer 67

Mark off a danger zone

Question 68

With lightning, a repeat strike can occur and can either hit directly or ____________ is possible.

Answer 68

Ground current

Question 69

This type of hazard includes: smoke, oxygen deficiency, high temperatures, toxic gases, and building collapses.

Answer 69

Fire

Question 70

T/F: Vehicle crashes are common events for EMS providers

Answer 70

True

Question 71

What are some risks involved with vehicle crashes?

Answer 71

Traffic, unstable vehicles, downed power lines and sharp objects (use protective gear)

Question 72

What are three types of scenes of violence you may encounter as an EMT?

Answer 72

Assaults, Hostage situations and Riots

Question 73

Which of the following things should you do as an EMT in case of a situation of mass violence? (Choose all that apply) 1.) Know who is in command. 2.) Remain vigilant for the potential for violence. 3.) Allow law enforcement to clear the scene. 4.) At scenes involving projectiles, find protection.

Answer 73

All of the above.

Question 74

Which of the following are recommendations for preventing violence? (Choose all that apply) A.) Training and practice identifying scenes of potential violence. B.) Training and practice with deescalation strategies and techniques C.) Training and practice improving interpersonal communication. D.) Dispatch identification and alerting of past or potential threats of violence.

Answer 74

All of the Above

Question 75

Which of the following is a recommendation for protection against violence? (Select all that apply) A.) Training and practice in self-defense and escape techniques B.) Training and practice with physical and chemical escape techniques C.) Fitting and use of body armor D.) Training and Pr

Answer 75

All of the Above

Question 76

How many layers is cold-weather clothing?

Answer 76

Three layers

Question 77

What is turnout (bunker) gear for?

Answer 77

Heat, fire, sparks and flashover

Question 78

What are thermal gloves used to protect from?

Answer 78

Heat, cold, cuts

Question 79

What is the drawback to wearing thermal gloves?

Answer 79

May reduce dexterity

Question 80

What are helmets used for?

Answer 80

To protect from falling objects

Question 81

What are boots used for?

Answer 81

Steel in the toes can help prevent toe breaks and crush injuries to the foot as well as cover and protect ankles keeping out stones, debris and snow.

Question 82

What is an example of eye protection?

Answer 82

Glasses with a side shield

Question 83

What is an example of ear protection?

Answer 83

Foam earplugs

Question 84

What is an example of skin protection?

Answer 84

Sunblock

Question 85

What is an example of body armor?

Answer 85

Vests

Question 86

What are two of the first things you should say to a critically ill or injured patient when you arrive on scene?

Answer 86

1.) Let the patient know who you are and what you are doing. 2.) Let the patient know you are attending to his or her immediate needs.

Question 87

Which of the following communication techniques should be used with a critical patient? (Select all that apply) A.) Focus on sad or grim diagnoses B.) Orient the patient C.) Be Honest. D.) Deal with possible initial refusal of care E. Allow for hope F.) Locate and notify family members

Answer 87

All but A - Avoid sad and grim comments about condition.

Question 88

Which of the following steps should be taken after the death of a child? (Select all that apply)

Answer 88

1.) Help the family in any way you can. 2. Let the family's actions be your guide. 3.) Prepare the parents.

Question 89

Death either occurs ____________ or ___________________________________.

Answer 89

Suddenly or after a prolonged, terminal illness

Question 90

True or False: The EMT will face death.

Answer 90

True

Question 91

What are the five stages of grieving?

Answer 91

1.) Denial 2.) Anger, Hostility 3.) Bargaining 4.) Depression 5.) Acceptance

Question 92

Which of the following things should the EMT do as their role when a patient has died? (Select all that apply) A.) Ask how you can help. B.) Distract from the reality. C.) Be Honest. D.) Allow the patient and family to grieve.

Answer 92

A, C and D are correct. B is incorrect - You need to re-inforce reality.

Question 93

True or False: EMS is a low stress job.

Answer 93

False: It is high stress.

Question 94

True or False: It is important to know the causes of stress and how to deal with them

Answer 94

True

Question 95

What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 95

1.) Alarm Response to Stress 2.) Reaction and Resistance 3.) Recovery - or Exhaustion

Question 96

Name some physiologic signs of stress?

Answer 96

1.) Increased respirations or heart rate 2.) Increased blood pressure 3.) Cool, clammy skin 4.) Dilated pupils 5.) Tensed Muscles 6.) Increased Blood Glucose Level 7.) Perspiration 8.) Decreased blood flow to GI tract

Question 97

List some examples of stressful situations that an EMT may encounter?

Answer 97

1.) Dangerous situations 2.) Physical and psychological demands 3.) Critically ill or injured patients 4.) Dead and dying patients 5.) Overpowering sights, smells and sounds 6.) Situations with multiple patients 7.) Angry or upset patients, family members or bystanders 8.) Unpredictability and demands of EMS

Question 98

This type of stress reaction occurs during a stressful situation.

Answer 98

Acute Stress Reaction

Question 99

This type of stress reaction manifests after the stressful event.

Answer 99

Delayed Stress Reaction

Question 100

This type of stress reaction occurs after prolonged or excessive stress.

Answer 100

Cumulative Stress Reaction

Question 101

What are some physical symptoms of stress?

Answer 101

1.) Fatigue 2.) Appetite changes 3.) GI problems 4.) Headaches 5.) Insomnia or Hypersomnia 6.) Irritability 7.) Inability to concentrate 8.) Hyperactivity or underactivity

Question 102

What are some psychological symptoms of stress?

Answer 102

1.) Fear 2.) Dull or non-responsive behavior 3.) Depression 4.) Guilt 5.) Oversensitivity, anger, irritability and frustration

Question 103

________________ stress is caused by acute sever stressors.

Answer 103

Critical Incident Stress

Question 104

What are some examples of Critical Incident Stress?

Answer 104

1.) Mass casualty incidents 2.) Serious injury or traumatic death of a child 3.) Crashes with injuries caused by emergency provider while traveling to or from a call 4.) Death or serious injury of a coworker in the line of duty

Question 105

This condition may develop following a psychologically distressing event.

Answer 105

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Question 106

This condition is characterized by re-experiencing an event and over-responding to stimuli that recall the event.

Answer 106

PTSD

Question 107

This type of stress management is used to help providers relieve stress, can occur formally or at an ongoing scene and is facilitated by trained professionals: ________________________.

Answer 107

Critical Incident Stress Management

Question 108

This is caused by a combination of exhaustion, cynicism and reduced performance resulting from long-term job stress.

Answer 108

Burnout

Question 109

True or False: Burnout affects the well being of the EMT alone with the crew members and patients.

Answer 109

True

Question 110

__________________ is also known as secondary stress disorder.

Answer 110

Compassion Fatigue

Question 111

True or False: Compassion fatigue is characterized by a gradual lessening of compassion.

Answer 111

True

Question 112

What are the symptoms of compassion fatigue?

Answer 112

1.) High absenteeism 2.) Inability to work in teams 3.) Lack of empathy for patients 4.) Judgmental attitude toward patients

Question 113

True or False: Suicide rate among emergency responders is lower than the rest of the population.

Answer 113

False, it is higher.

Question 114

_____________ is considered to be the largest contributing factor to suicide.

Answer 114

Job Stress

Question 115

True or False: Several organizations and mental health services are available to provide emotional support.

Answer 115

True

Question 116

T/F: At times, health care providers have trouble overcoming personal reactions and proceeding without hesistation?

Answer 116

True

Question 117

The struggle to remain calm in the face of horrible circumstances contributes to ______________ stress.

Answer 117

Emotional Stress

Question 118

What steps should an EMT take to deescalate the stress level for a patient in stressful situations?

Answer 118

1.) Quickly and calmly assess the actions of the patient, family members and bystanders. 2.) Use a professional tone and show courtesy. 3.) Allow the patient to express their fear. 4.) Respect religious customs and needs.

Question 119

T/F: You are expected to work with coworkers of varying backgrounds, beliefs and values

Answer 119

True

Question 120

_____________ includes: nationality, age, disability, sexual orientation, marital status, work experience and education.

Answer 120

Culture

Question 121

T/F: It is smart to communicate in a way that is sensitive to everyone's needs.

Answer 121

True

Question 122

What are the two types of workplace sexual harassment?

Answer 122

Quid Pro Quo & Hostile Work Environment

Question 123

What is the term describing sexual harassment that involves a request for sexual favors?

Answer 123

Quid Pro Quo ("This for That")

Question 124

What is the term describing sexual harassment that involves inappropriate jokes, touch, etc.?

Answer 124

Hostile Work Environment

Question 125

True or False: You only need to report extreme cases of sexual harassment to your supervisor.

Answer 125

False; all cases need to be reported immediately and keep notes of each incident.

Question 126

This type of abuse increases risks on the job and leads to poor decision making: ________________.

Answer 126

Substance Abuse

Question 127

Substance abuse programs are often available called: ______________________.

Answer 127

Employee assistance programs (EAPs)

Question 128

An injury and illness prevention program should include the following 6 things:

Answer 128

1.) Management leadership 2.) Worker participation 3.) Hazard ID and assessment 4.) Hazard Prevention and control 5.) Education and Training 6.) Program Eval and Improvement