Chapter 2

Question 1

body’s ability to resist disease of infection; recognition of ‘self’ from ‘non-self’

Answer 1

immunity

Question 2

to protect the body the immune system:

Answer 2

1. attacks antigens to help prevent infection or reduce inflammation
2. removed damaged or dead cells to assist in maintaining homeostasis
3. maintains a vigilant watch to protect the body from cells that are alien to the body

Question 3

large protein also called immunoglobulin; produced by plasma cells and carried on the surface of B cells that binds with and neutralizes an antigen

Answer 3

antibody

Question 4

any substance (i.e. bacteria or virus) that induces immune response within the cell(s) that it comes into contact with

Answer 4

antigen

Question 5

principle component of the primary and secondary response to an antigen; activates complement

Answer 5

IgG

Question 6

first antibody produced in the primary response to an antigen

Answer 6

IgM

Question 7

protects mucosal surfaces by interfering with the ability of pathogens to adhere to cells

Answer 7

IgA

Question 8

stimulates the release of histamine and other chemicals that mediate inflammatory response

Answer 8

IgE

Question 9

activates B cells

Answer 9

IgD

Question 10

an antigen that causes an allergic reaction

Answer 10

allergen

Question 11

an antigen that causes disease, usually an infection (commonly a microorganism like bacteria, fungus, or virus)

Answer 11

pathogen

Question 12

innate (born with it), immediate and short term antigen protection, barrier and cellular

Answer 12

nonspecific immunity

Question 13

responds and remembers single antigen; humoral immunity (circulating) and cell mediated immunity

Answer 13

specific immunity

Question 14

engulf and destroy pathogens; neutrophils (blood) and macrophages (skin)- go to site of injury or infection

Answer 14

phagocytes

Question 15

not phagocytes; lymphocytes- eliminate viruses and cancer cells

Answer 15

natural killer cells

Question 16

destroy foreign cells (i.e. bacteria)

Answer 16

compliment proteins (specialized protein)

Question 17

antiviral/ increase activity of macrophages

Answer 17

interferon (specialized protein)

Question 18

abnormally high body temperature that slows the growth of pathogens, stimulates phagocytes and antibody production

Answer 18

fever

Question 19

prevents spread of pathogens and disposes of cell debris

Answer 19

inflammatory response

Question 20

immunity due to action of circulating antibodies, antibodies are produced by B-cells (lymphocytes) and defend against extracellular toxins

Answer 20

humoral immunity (specific immunity)

Question 21

immunity due to action of T-cells (lymphocytes); helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells

Answer 21

cell mediated immunity (specific immunity)

Question 22

aggregation (clumping) of antigen-antibody reactions, detects presence of bacteria or virus

Answer 22

agglutination reaction (diagnostic testing)

Question 23

use of an enzyme to label an antigen or antibody, used to detect specific infections diseases

Answer 23

enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (diagnostic testing)

Question 24

detects presence of antibodies in tissue (i.e. HIV)

Answer 24

western blot (diagnostic testing)

Question 25

tags antibody with fluoresent marker to observe antigen bond

Answer 25

fluorescent antibody techniques (diagnostic testing)

Question 26

counts WBCs that are attached to specific antigen

Answer 26

flow cytometry (diagnostic testing)

Question 27

measures inflammation in vessels

Answer 27

C-reactive protein (diagnostic testing)

Question 28

measures inflammation in tissues

Answer 28

erythrocyte sedimentation (diagnostic testing)

Question 29

development of antibodies to one's own tissue

Answer 29

autoimmunity

Question 30

antibodies that evolve from autoimmunity

Answer 30

autoantibodies

Question 31

1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) 2. Cutaneous (Discoid) 3. Drug induced 4. Neonatal

Answer 31

Lupus (autoimmune disease)

Question 32

-signs/symptoms: fever, fatigue, Butterfly rash, arthritis, Raynaud's (starts in joints and progresses to internal organs) -diagnosis: history, physical exam, blood test (Rheumatoid testing) -treatment: NSAID's/ glucocorticoids (steroids)

Answer 32

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Question 33

affects only the skin (Discoid and Butterfly rash), may develop systemic lupus)

Answer 33

Cutaneous (Discoid) Lupus

Question 34

more than 70 different prescription drugs, signs and symptoms similar to SLE however it rarely affects the organs; disappears within days to months after discontinuing drug

Answer 34

Drug-induced Lupus

Question 35

rare condition, maternal autoantibodies; characterized by a rash

Answer 35

Neonatal Lupus

Question 36

chronic autoimmune disease; thickening and tightening of skin and joints 1. Localized 2. Systemic -signs/symptoms: Raynaud's phenomenon, pain in two or more joints, heartburn, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath -diagnosis: thorough medical history, physical exam, no single test will confirm -treatment: no cure, avoid exposure to sun and cold

Answer 36

Scleroderma

Question 37

restricted to skin; abnormal build up of fibrous tissue causes the skin to tighten so severely that the fingers curl and lose mobility

Answer 37

Localized Scleroderma (LSC)

Question 38

limited cutaneous SSC and diffuse cutaneous SSC

Answer 38

Systemic sclerosis scleroderma

Question 39

Affects the hormone glands -signs/symptoms: dry eyes and mouth, kidney failure, Atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries), can mimic menopause -diagnosis: through medical history and physical examination, tear and salvia, autoantibody, lip or salivary gland test -treatment: has no cure, over the counter medications for dry eyes and mouth, NSAID’s, vasodilators, immunosuppressive

Answer 39

Sjogren’s Syndrome

Question 40

Extreme immune response to a harmless antigen, also known as hypersensitivity 1. Immediate (Type I) 2. Cytotoxic (Type II) 3. Immune complex (Type III) 4. Delayed (Type IV) -diagnosis: Skin test (Skin prick, intradermal, and skin patch), Blood testing (Allergen specific IgE) -treatment: mediations (1st generation antihistamines- Benadryl, 2nd generation antihistamines- Claritin, 3rd generation antihistamines- Allegra) and Allergy shots

Answer 40

Allergy

Question 41

An antigen that inducers an allergic or hypersensitive response

Answer 41

Allergen

Question 42

Most common type, local allergy, triggered by IgE that releases histamine and may lead to generalized anaphylaxis -response time: 15-30 minutes -examples: hay fever, hives

Answer 42

Type I- Anaphylactic or Immediate hypersensitivity

Question 43

Immediate hypersensitivity causes a systemic, acute allergic response that may be life threatening -allergens found in food like peanuts or latex or medications -signs/symptoms: drop in BP, narrowing of airways, rapid and weak pulse, hives, nausea, vomiting -treatment: Antihistamine, corticosteroids and epinephrine

Answer 43

Anaphylaxis

Question 44

IgM and IgG cause destruction of foreign cells -response time: minutes to hours -example: incompatible blood transfusion, Rh incompatibility

Answer 44

Type II-Cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Question 45

Immune complex hypersensitivity, antigens combining with antibodies, immune complexes deposit in the tissue and blood vessels where they trigger inflammation and tissue destruction -response time: 3-8 hours

Answer 45

Type III- Antigen Antibody complex

Question 46

Delayed hypersensitivity, chemicals released due to the action of T cells -response time: 48-72 hours -example: poison ivy, poison oak (use Corticosteroids)

Answer 46

Type IV- Delayed hypersensitivity

Question 47

-transmission through contaminated boy fluids -Infects cells that have CD4 antigen (helper T cells) by targets antigen presenting cells needed for normal immune response -inside T cells virus is transported to lymph noted via attaching to host cell -virus enters host cells and converts RNA to viral DNA using normal DNA; viral DNA replicates in host cell using normal cell process -two major effects: 1. Increased viral load and 2. Decreased CD4 cells -stages of infection: 1. Primary HIV infection 2. Clinically asymptomatic 3. Symptomatic HIV 4. Progression from HIV to AIDS -defining conditions: 1. Presence of an AIDS defining malignancy -Kaposi sarcoma and Lymphoma 2. Two opportunistic pathogens -Pneuomitis carinii and Mycobacterium TB 3. CD4 count of less than 200 cells -diagnosis: ELISA testing -treatment: antiviral therapy (ART)- no cure

Answer 47

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Question 48

Immune system is incompetent or unable to respond effectively to the presence of HIV (adult classification of disease)

Answer 48

Immunodeficiency

Question 49

1. Flu like symptoms 2. Positive antibody test 3. Persistent lymphadenopathy 4. CD4 count 200-500 cells

Answer 49

Primary asymptomatic HIV

Question 50

1. Candidiasis 2. Herpes 3. Fever 4. CD4 count 200-500 cells

Answer 50

Symptomatic HIV

Question 51

Idiopathic cancer of immune system -signs/symptoms: lymph node enlargement (painless), unexplained weight loss, Dyspnea and chest pain, fever and night sweats, itchy skin, coughing -diagnosis: CBC, biopsy, imaging, Reed Sternberger cell -treatment: chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant

Answer 51

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Question 52

Idiopathic cancer of lymphocytes -signs/symptoms: lymph node enlargement (painless)/unexplained weight loss, swelling of abdomen (non ascites), dyspnea and chest pain, fever and night sweats, fatigue, itchy skin -diagnosis: CBC, lack of Reed Sternberger cells, bone marrow biopsy, lumbar puncture, physical exam, complete blood count, Lactate dehydrogenase test -treatment: chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant, watch and wait, radiation therapy, anti inflammatory medication

Answer 52

Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma