Chapter 3

Question 1

disease that are caused by microoganisms
-contributing factors: poverty, lack of access to health care, antibiotic resistance, evolving human migration pattern, new infectious agents, environmental changes
-leading cause of death: diarrheal diseases

Answer 1

infectious disease

Question 2

any microorganism that causes and infection disease

Answer 2

pathogen

Question 3

infectious disease that is transmitted human to human

Answer 3

contagious

Question 4

capability of an infectious disease to be spread human to human

Answer 4

communicable

Question 5

study of the occurrence, distribution, transmission, and control of any disease

Answer 5

epidemiology

Question 6

rate of appearance of new cases of a disease

Answer 6

indidence

Question 7

percent of population that is affected with a disease

Answer 7

prevalence

Question 8

a disease that is always present at low levels in a population

Answer 8

endemic

Question 9

sudden occurrence of a disease in large numbers in specific area

Answer 9

epidemic

Question 10

epidemic that has spread world wide

Answer 10

pandemic

Question 11

sudden appearance of disease, unexpected numbers

Answer 11

outbreak

Question 12

diseases that must be reported to Center for Disease (CDC)

Answer 12

notifiable disease

Question 13

spread of infectious disease from an infected to a susceptible human; two types: direct and indirect transmission

Answer 13

horizontal transmission of infectious disease

Question 14

infectious disease that contracted by direct contact with reservoir; modes of transfer: airborne, direct contact, fecal oral, and body fluids

Answer 14

direct transmission

Question 15

infectious disease acquired from pathogen that can survive outside of host
-fomites: inanimate objects contaminated with pathogen
-vector: live organism contaminated with pathogen

Answer 15

indirect transmission

Question 16

infectious disease that is spread from one generation to the next

Answer 16

vertical transmission

Question 17

habitat of a pathogen, potential source of infectious disease (whoever or whatever is hosting the pathogen)

Answer 17

reservoir

Question 18

disease associated with medial encounters: medical personnel, medical equipment, and medical procedures

Answer 18

nosocomial (aka iatrogenic)

Question 19

normal bacteria in the body

Answer 19

normal flora

Question 20

normal population of bacteria in the body

Answer 20

microbiota

Question 21

segregation of infected from non infected

Answer 21

isolation

Question 22

period of isolation of potentially infected person

Answer 22

quarantine

Question 23

reducing the risk of infection or contamination

Answer 23

disinfection

Question 24

infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans (HIV, HBV, HBC)

Answer 24

bloodborne pathogen

Question 25

infectious microbe, nucleic acid molecule, protein coat, multiply only in living cells, infect animals and plants

Answer 25

virus

Question 26

doesn't reproduce after invading cell

Answer 26

latent infection

Question 27

disease producing microorganisms, unicellular with cell walls, lack organelles and organized nucleus -endotoxin: potent toxin secreted from bacteria -classification: shape, gram stain reaction, biochemical characteristics

Answer 27

bacteria

Question 28

distinguishes between two large groups of bacteria -positive: pink -negative: purple

Answer 28

gram stain

Question 29

locomotion with pseudopodia, cell membrane extensions for movement and phagocytosis, amebic dysentery

Answer 29

amoeboids (protozoan pathogen)

Question 30

locomotion with whip like appendage, sleeping sickness

Answer 30

flagellates (protozoan pathogen)

Question 31

not capable of mobility, malaria

Answer 31

sporozoans (protozoan pathogen)

Question 32

infections involving worm like pathogens

Answer 32

helminths

Question 33

rigid cell wall surrounding each hyphae

Answer 33

chitlin (fungi)

Question 34

fungal filaments used for absorbing nutrients

Answer 34

mycelia (fungi)

Question 35

individual cells

Answer 35

hyphae (fungi)

Question 36

broken off hyphae, reproductive fragmer

Answer 36

spores (fungi)

Question 37

infections caused by fungi

Answer 37

mycoses

Question 38

resistant to antiboitics, opportunistic (thrive in immunosuppressed) -two major classes: Tinea and Candidia -two considerations for treatments: superficial (skin) mycoses and systemic mycoses

Answer 38

fungi

Question 39

drugs used to treat bacterial infections, antibiotic resistance (bacterial drug resistance)

Answer 39

antibiotics

Question 40

treatment of infectious diseases that include nucleic acid analogues and interferons

Answer 40

antivirals

Question 41

treatment of infectious diseases -topical: Candidiasis -systemic-Tinea

Answer 41

antifungals

Question 42

medication that inhibits the growth or viability of an infectious microbe

Answer 42

antibiotic

Question 43

active against a limited range or bacterium, i.e. gram positive only

Answer 43

narrow spectrum antibiotics

Question 44

having a wide range of activity against both gram positive and gram negative organisms

Answer 44

broad spectrum antibiotics

Question 45

use of an antibiotic to prevent a disease or a process that can lead to disease (preventive strike)

Answer 45

prophylactic

Question 46

use of an antibiotic because experience and reasoning, suggest that certain signs and symptoms are caused by a bacterial infection (pre-emptive strike)

Answer 46

empiric

Question 47

use of an antibiotic because we have confirmed evidence that a bacterial infection is present (defensive strike)

Answer 47

rational

Question 48

classification of antibiotics

Answer 48

1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis 2. inhibition of protein synthesis 3. inhibition of nucleic acid 4. injury to plasma cell membrane 5. inhibition of essential metabolites

Question 49

nucleic acid analogues mimic correct DNA or RNA bases, interfere with assembly of new virus particles within the cell or interfere with the attachment of viruses to host cells

Answer 49

antivirals

Question 50

target cell walls and membranes, affect human cells, topical agents are effective

Answer 50

antifungal

Question 51

interfere with protein synthesis and metabolism, sensitive to medications that paralyze protozoal muscles or interfere with carbohydrate metabolism, resistant microorganisms evolve rendering existing treatment useless

Answer 51

antiprotozoal

Question 52

increase in incidents of new infection or uncommon infection

Answer 52

emerging infectious diseases

Question 53

increase in prevalence after being uncommon

Answer 53

re-emerging infectious diseases

Question 54

presentation of antigens from a microorganism to provoke an immune response, contain dead bacteria/extracted antigens/deactivated toxins/viral particles/ or genetically engineered proteins, have been used to eliminate disease

Answer 54

vaccination

Question 55

highly contagious disease -Rubeola virus -respiratory droplets or airborne transmission -fever, cough, runny nose and fatigue -rash (Koplik spots) -pain and fever reduces: part of MMR vaccine

Answer 55

measles (common childhood vaccine)

Question 56

paramuxovirus -respiratory secretions, saliva, fomities -headache and fever, swelling and pain of parotid glands -treatment is same as measles and in MMR vaccine

Answer 56

mumps (common childhood vaccine)

Question 57

highly contagious disease -Rubella virus -flu like symptoms, with or without rash -part of MMR vaccine

Answer 57

rubella (common childhood vaccine)

Question 58

highly contagious bacterial infection -Bordella pertussis -respiratory droplets -fever and upper respiratory symptoms -persistent cough with stridor -antibiotics are used for treatment, pertussis is part of DPT vaccine

Answer 58

whooping cough (common childhood vaccine)

Question 59

highly contagious bacterial disease -Corynebacterium diptheriae -respiratory droplets -low grade fever and sore throat -bacterial toxin coats thick layer in the nose and throat causes respirator problems -this toxin can damage kidney, heart, and nervous system -50% patients die without treatment -antibiotics and antitoxin used as treatment, pertussis is part of DPT vaccine

Answer 59

diphtheria (common childhood vaccine)

Question 60

bacterial infection -Clostridium tetani -found in contaminated soil, animal excrement and enter the body via wound -bacterial toxin affect the nervous system -stiff neck, lock jaw, muscle spasms and difficulty swallowing -treatments include antibiotics and injection of tetanus Ig to neutralize the toxin, part of DPT vaccine

Answer 60

tetanus (common childhood vaccine)

Question 61

contagious viral infection -Varicella zoster virus -60 million cases worldwide each year -spread by direct contact, droplet and airborne transmission -runny nose or stuffy nose, sneezing, fever, and cough, itchy rash on the chest and face -fever and pain reliever, vaccine available

Answer 61

chickenpox (common childhood vaccine)

Question 62

bacteria that causes meningitis and pneumonia -spread by respiratory droplets -cough, fever, chills, lack of appetite, extreme sleepiness, headache, stiff neck or back -antibiotics is used and vaccine is available

Answer 62

haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) (common childhood vaccine)

Question 63

bacteria that causes meningitis, upper/lower respiratory disease -1 million children killed each year worldwide under age 5 -transmitted by respiratory droplets -fever, chills, headache, ear pain, cough, chest pain -antibiotics is used and vaccine is available

Answer 63

Streptococcus pneumoniae (common childhood vaccine)