Chapter 2 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
represented by single, discrete round cell
A
monococcus
2
Q
the cell divides but the cells remain attached to each other.
A
diplococcus
3
Q
cells divide repeatedly in one plane to form chain
of cells
A
streptococcus
4
Q
this consists of four round cells, which divide in two planes at right angles to one another and remain in group of four
A
tetracoccus
5
Q
cells divided into three planes forming a structured like bunches of grapes giving and irregular configuration
A
staphylococcus
6
Q
cells divide in three planes but they form a cube like configuration consisting of eight or sixteen cells but they have a regular shape
A
sarcina
7
Q
usually round but can either be oval, elongated, spherical or elliptical shape. Either they may remain as a single cell or may aggregate together for various configuration
A
Cocci (singular coccus meaning berries)
8
Q
these are rod shaped or cylindrical bacteria which either remain singly or
in pairs
A
bacilli
8
Q
curved, comma shaped bacteria and represented by a single genus
A
vibro
9
Q
spiral or spring like with multiple curvature and terminal flagella with
fairly rigid bodies
A
spirilla
10
Q
helical and flexible which move by means of axial filaments
resembling flagella but contained within an external sheath
A
spirochete
11
Q
an oval shaped bacilli similar to cocci
A
coccobacilli
12
Q
occurs in chain after cell division
A
streptobacilli
13
Q
appear in pairs after cell division
A
diplobacilli
14
Q
Three types of Bacilli
A
diplobacilli
streptobacilli
coccobacilli
15
Q
e size of most bacteria ranges from?
A
0.2 μm (micrometer) to 2.0 μm
in diameter and from 2.0 μm to 8.0 μm
16
Q
What are the different shapes of bacteria?
A
Cocci, Bacilli, Vibro, Spirilla, Spirochete
17
Q
it means sugar coat
A
glycocalyx
18
Q
glycocalyx is composed of one of these two, or both?
A
polysaccharide and polypeptide
19
Q
attaches to
the surface of the teeth and cause dental carries
A
Streptococcus mutan
20
Q
Two forms of Glycocalyx
A
capsule form and slime layer
21
Q
Functions of Glycocalyx as external structure of cell wall (3)
A
a. enables bacteria to survive by attaching to surfaces
b. bacterial source of energy when supply is low
c. protection to hosts cell by attaching to surface hence preventing the movements of nutrients out of cell during dehydration
22
Q
substance is organized, is firmly attached to the cell wall, and clinically contributes to the virulence (ability to cause disease) of
bacteria due to its capacity to evade phagocytosis by hosts cells
A
capsule form
23
Q
the substance in unorganized and is loosely attached to the cell wall
A
slime layer form
24
three basic parts of Flagella
1. filament: parts: long outermost part that contains flagellin arranged in helix
2. hook: where filament is attached
3. basal body: anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane. The
flagella move by rotating from the basal body either in clockwise or
counterclockwise direction
25
different patterns of flagella motility
(a) run or swim: bacterium moves in one direction
(b) tumbles: periodic abrupt or random interruptions to run or swim
(c) swarm: rapid wavelike movement.
26
also called endoflagella present in Spirochetes like Borrelia
burgdorferi that causes Lyme disease
axial filament
27
is a type of a protein called pilin. It is a numerous hair like appendages
that surrounds the bacterium and helps to attach to hosts surface
fimbriae
28
Another type of the protein pilin but is only presented in one or two per
bacterium. It helps bacterial cell to prepare DNA transfer from one cell to another.
Pili
29
a semi rigid structure protects the interior of the cell from the outside environment
cell wall
30
What are the functions of cell wall?
(1) prevents rupture of the cell,
(2) maintain shape of cell,
(3) anchors flagella,
(4) contributes to the virulence of the bacteria,
(5) site of action of some antibiotics, and
(6) the chemical composition
of cell is used to differentiate types of bacteria.
31
have multiple layers of peptidoglycan in its cell wall for a thick rigid structure
Gram positive bacteria
32
provide the antigenic capacity of
the bacteria making it possible to identify it upon laboratory tests
teichoic acids
33
has a thin layer of peptidoglycan
making it very susceptible to mechanical breakage or environmental degradation
gram negative bacteria
34
Outer portion of cell wall is composed of?
lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also called endotoxin), lipoproteins and phospholipids
35
Functions of outer portion of cell wall
(1) evades phagocytosis and cell lysis
(2) barrier to antibiotics and other enzymes
(3)passage of molecules thru porin channels
36
It provides antigenic capacity of the bacteria and causes psychological effects when present in the blood stream (toxicity, fever, sepsis, shock or death)
Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)
37
It prevents reaction to Gram strain
mycolic acid
38
Functions of the Plasma membrane?
(1) entry/exit of substances in cell by selective permeability,
(2) protect and lubricate the cell,
(3) cell-to-cell interactions, and
(4) breakdown of nutrients and energy production
39
What is the difference between Passive and Active Processes of movement of materials across membrane?
Passive processes involves simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis. While active processes include active transport and group translocation.
40
Define simple diffusion
movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
41
Define facilitated diffusion
same with simple diffusion but substances are transported
across the membrane via transporter
42
define osmosis
movement of a solvent molecule (water) from high concentration to low concentration via a selectively
permeable membrane
43
what is active transport
cell uses energy to transport a substance from lower to higher concentration without
altering the substance
44
define group translocation
a special type of active that
alters the substance being transported across a membrane
45
composed mainly of
water and other substances like proteins, carbohydrates or lipids
cytoplasm
46
Carry genes associated to antibiotic resistance, toxin production or enzyme
synthesis. Also important in gene manipulation of bacteria.
Plasmid
47
present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and serve as sites
for protein synthesis
ribosomes
48
Inclusions are reserve deposits of? (7)
(1) metachromatic granules (used in
ATP synthesis),
(2) polysaccharide granules,
(3) lipid inclusions,
(4) sulfur granules (energy reserve),
(5) carboxysomes (for carbon dioxide fixation),
(6) gas vacuoles (maintain buoyancy),
and (7) magnetosomes
49
specialized resting cell formed internal the cell membrane when a bacterial cell goes into vegetative state (active cell that undergoes metabolism) in a process called sporulation
endospores
50
bacteria having flagella evenly distributed around the cell surface
Peritrichous
51
bacteria having single or cluster of flagella at both end of cell
amphitrichous
52
bacteria with single flagellum in one end of cell
Monotrichous
53
bacteria having bundle of flagella in one end of cell
lophotrichous
54
bacteria without flagella
Atrichous
55
cell wall of these bacteria is composed of peptidoglycan layer only. The cell wall retains the crystal fire lit or gram stain which appear violate in Gram staining.
Gram positive bacteria
56
cell wall of these bacteria is composed of Peptidoglycan and outer membrane. The cell wall does not retain the gram stain, but they take up the red color of the counter stain during Gram staining
Gram negative bacteria
57
bacteria that requires and cannot grow in the absence of
oxygen
Obligate aerobes
58
bacteria that do not require oxygen but can use it if available
Facultative anaerobes
59
bacteria that do not require but can tolerate the presence of oxygen for growth
Aerotolerant anaerobes
60
bacteria that do not require but can tolerate low concentration
of oxygen for growth
Microaerophiles
61
bacteria that can grow only in absence of oxygen
Obligate anaerobes
62
bacteria that require carbon dioxide for growth
capnophiles
63
bacteria that uses reduced inorganic compounds such as H2S as electron source
Photolithotrops
64
uses organic compounds such as succinate as
electron source
Photoorganotrops
65
they gain energy from oxidation of chemical compound and reduces inorganic compounds such as NH3 as electron source
Chemolithotrops
66
gain energy from chemical compounds and uses organic compound such as glucose and amino acids as source of electron
Chemoorganotrops
67
utilized light to assimilate carbon dioxide
Photoautotrops
68
They utilize chemical energy for assimilation of
carbon dioxide
Chemoautotrops
69
bacteria which uses organic compound as carbon source and lack the ability to fix carbon dioxide
Heterotrophs
70
bacteria which gain energy from light
Phototrophs
71
gain energy from chemical compounds and cannot carry out photosynthesis
Chemotrophs
72
nonpathogenic, free-living bacteria which uses solar energy or
carbon dioxide as sole source of carbon to prepare its own food
Autotrophs
73
fungi, other algae, slime molds and protozoa belong to a group called
eukaryotes
74
kingdom Protista, bacteria and blue-green algae belong to a group called
prokaryotes
75
sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
metabolism
76
an enzyme-regulated chemical
process that releases energy whereby complex organic compounds are breakdown into simpler ones
catabolism
77
enzyme-regulated chemical process that requires energy to build complex organic molecules from simpler ones
anabolism
78
formation or breakdown of chemical bonds is made possible by collision of atoms, ions or molecules that are continuously moving and colliding with one another
collision theory
79
energy required for a chemical reaction is called
activation energy
80
They are substances which serve as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without them being permanently altered
enzymes
81
enzyme has a unique surface configuration that enables it to bind to its corresponding substance called?
substrate
82
The mechanism of enzymatic
actions
(1) The surface of the substrate contacts a specific region of the surface of the enzyme molecule called the active site.
(2) A temporary intermediate compounds forms, called an enzyme-substrate complex.
(3) The substrate molecule
is transformed either by rearrangement, breakdown or in combination with other
molecule.
(4) The transformed substrate molecules are released from the enzyme
molecule.
(5) The unchanged enzyme is now free to react with other substrate
molecules.
83
factors that influence enzymatic activity
temperature, ph, substrate, inhibition
84
process by which non-competitive inhibitors carry out its function wherein inhibitors bind to parts of the enzyme other than substrate binding site
allosteric or feedback inhibition
85
type of RNA that serving as catalyst acting specifically on strands of RNA during protein synthesis
ribosomes
86
removal of electron from an atom or molecule in a reaction
that produces energy
oxidation
86
gaining one or more electron.
reduction
87
These two reactions are always coupled, each time a molecule is oxidized another is simultaneously reduced.
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reaction
88
used by cells in catabolism to extract energy from nutrient molecules.
redox reaction
89
ATP is generated when a high energy P
is directly transferred from phosphorylated compound to ADP
Substrate-level phosphorylation
90
electrons are transferred from organic
compound to a series of electron carriers in a system called electron
transport chain
oxidative phosphorylation
91
occurs only in photosynthetic cells which contain chlorophyll (light energy trapping pigments) that can be converted into ATP in a process involving electron transport chain system
photophosphorylation
92
oxidation of glucose into pyruvic acid that occurs during the first stage of carbohydrate catabolism. It is also called Embden- Meyerhof pathway
glycolysis
93
an ATP-generating process wherein the final electron acceptor is an inorganic
molecule
cellular respiration
94
done in a process called Krebs cycle also called as tricarboxylic cycle or citric acid cycle. Krebs cycle releases
ATP from acetyl coA in its every step
aerobic respiration
95
the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen. Example: Pseudomonas and Bacillus using nitrate ion, or Desulfovibrio using sulfate
anaerobic respiration
96
generate energy from sugars and other organic molecules such as
amino acids, organic acids, purines and pyrimidines by not requiring oxygen, Krebs cycle or electron transport chain system
fermentation
97
end-product is lactic acid (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus)
lactic acid fermentation
98
end-product is ethanol (Saccharomyces)
alchohol fermentation
99
Light-dependent (light) reactions
uses light energy to generate energy
(photophosphorylation)
100
Light-independent (dark) reactions
breakdown of carbon dioxide into
sugar using energy generated in the first stage
101
Metabolic pathways that uses the energy generated by processes
1. Polysaccharide biosynthesis
2. Lipid biosynthesis
3. Amino acid and protein biosynthesis
4. Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis
102
bacteria undergo asexual cell division to produce two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell
binary fission
103
time required for a bacterium to give rise to two daughter cells under optimum conditions
generation time
104
Microbial concentrations can be measured in terms of?
(i) cell concentration (the number of viable cells per unit volume of culture)
(ii) biomass concentration (dry weight of cells per unit volume of culture)
105
denotes the total number of bacteria in the sample, irrespective of whether they are living or dead. This is done by counting the bacteria under the microscope using counting chamber or by comparing the growth with standard opacity tubes
total count
106
Viable count
indicates the number of living or viable bacteria
107
series of sequential dilutions used to reduce a dense culture of cells to a more usable concentration
dilution method
108
number of colonies that grow after a suitable incubation time
plating method
109
method utilized for industrial and research purpose that is achieved by using a special device for replenishing nutrients and removing bacterial population continuously so that bacteria growth is not inhibited due to lack of nutrients or due to accumulation of toxic bacterial metabolites
continuous culture
110
bacterial population declines due to death
of cells due to?
(a) accumulation of toxic products and autolytic enzymes
(b) exhaustion of nutrients
111
bacterial growth almost stops
completely due to depletion of essential nutrients, water oxygen, change in pH of the medium, etc. and accumulation of their own toxic metabolic wastes
(exotoxins)
stationary phase
112
characterized by rapid exponential cell growth of bacteria at their maximum rate. The bacterial cells are small and uniformly stained. The microbes are sensitive to adverse conditions, such as antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents
log phase
113
In this phase, the inoculated bacteria become acclimatized to the environment, switch on various enzymes, and adjust to the environmental temperature and atmospheric conditions
lag phase
114
when solution outside the cell has higher concentration of solutes than
inside the cell, water is diffused outside of cell and the cell shrinks
hypertonic environment
115
when solution outside the cell has lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell, water is diffused inside of cell and the cell swells
hypotonic solution
116
when concentrations in two solutions are same, so cell will neither swells nor shrink
isotonic solution
117
important for all organic compounds that make up a living cell; consist half the dry weight of a typical bacterial cell
carbon
118
helps form the amino group in amino acids
nitrogen
119
used to synthesize sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamin
sulphur
120
important in synthesis of ATP, nucleic acids and phospholipids of cell membranes
phosphorus
121
minerals that are minimally required by microbes, and are also essential in enzymatic reactions
trace elements
122
are essential organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organism thus must be obtained from the
environment. Ex: vitamin
organic growth factors
123
highly unstable, steals electron from
neighboring molecules thereby increasing free radicals
Superoxide free radicals
124
most reactive form of oxygen
hydroxyl radical
