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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

A

No nucleus, cytoskeleton and membrane-bound organelles
Small
One circular DNA
Not complexe DNA with histones in eubacteria (sometimes in archaea)

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus, cytoskeleton and membrane-bound organelles
Relatively large
Multiple linear DNA
Complexe DNA with histones

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3
Q

True or false? The genetic information of a eukaryotic cell is only present in the DNA.

A

False (also in mitochondria and chloroplast)

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4
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The place where the DNA of eukaryotic cells are stored

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5
Q

How is DNA organized in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?

A

Tightly pact in chromosomes

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6
Q

What are histones used for?

A

They are used so that DNA can be wrapped around them and turned into nucleosomes

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7
Q

Why are viruses not considered a living organism?

A

Because they do not have a metabolism

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8
Q

True or false? Viruses are neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic.

A

True

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9
Q

What are viruses made of?

A

An outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acid

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10
Q

Which organisms do chloroplast’s division process resemble?

A

Prokaryote aka bacteria

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11
Q

What re the three fundamental events of cell reproduction?

A

Genetic information must be copied
The copies of genetic information must be seperate from each other (must have a mechanism for that)
The cell must divide (have cytokinesis)

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12
Q

How does prokaryote cell division work?

A

To replicate, the origins of replication segregate to opposite sides, are anchored to those sides and the cell divides.

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13
Q

True or false? The divided cell of any organism has an identical copy of the original chromosomes

A
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14
Q

What is a homologous cell?

A

A cell with two pairs of chromosomes. They look alike, have the same length and centromere position and have a similar banding pattern when stained

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15
Q

True or false? Homologous pairs of chromosomes come from either one of the parents only.

A

False (one comes from a parent, the other from the other)

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16
Q

What are alleles?

A

A location on one homologue which contains genes for the same trait that occurs at the same locus on the other homologue but codes for a different variation of the trait

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17
Q

What are some traits of eukaryotic chromosomes?

A

They are linear and composed of chromatin

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18
Q

What is chromatin?

A

A complex of DNA and proteins

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19
Q

What is a diploid?

A

An organism with two of each chromosome

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20
Q

What is a haploid?

A

An organism with one of each chromosome

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21
Q

What is a polyploid?

A

An organism with multiple of each chromosome (more then two)

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22
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes of an organism

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23
Q

What are telomeres?

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A

The stable ends of the chromosomes

24
Q

How many telomeres are present per chromatid in an eukaryote

25
What is a chromatid?
The strand of chromosome that is dividing.
26
What are sister chromatids?
The chromatids that are replicated
27
What are centromeres?
A constricted region of the chromosome where the kinetochore for ampnd spindle microtubuke attach
28
What is the kinetochore?
A protein complex attached to the centromere and between the spindles and centromeres
29
What are the spindles composed of?
Tubulin subunit
30
What are the two important process in the cell cycle?
Growth and cell division
31
What is the growth part of the cell cycle?
Involves duplication of the cell’s DNA and contents. It turns the chromosome to sister chromatids.
32
What is cell division in the cell cycle?
It involves the separation of the cell’s DNA and content into daughter cells
33
What is the interphase of the cell cycle?
An extended period between cell divisions, DNA synthesis and chromosome replication phase
34
What is the M phase of the cell cycle?
Mitotic phase
35
What happens during G1 of the cell cycle?
The cell grows
36
After G1, what are the two possibilities of advancement for the cells?
Enter a state of G0 (non-dividing phase) or go forward with the cell cycle
37
How does a cell pass the first checkpoint in the cell cycle?
They have to have a certain amount of cyclin protein.
38
Starting from which phase is the chromosome considered to be 2 sister chromatids?
The S phase
39
What is mitosis?
The division of the nuclear material
40
What is cytokenesis?
The division of the cytoplasm and its content
41
What are the 5 stages of mitosis?
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
42
True or false? When the spindles split the centromere, the chromatids split on opposite sides.
True
43
True or false? The number of chromosomes per cells equals double the amount of functional centromeres.
False
44
True or false? The number of DNA Molecules per cell equals the number of chromatids.
True
45
What are the genetic consequences of the cell cycle?
It produces two cells that are genetically identical to each other and with the mother cell the cells have a complete set of chromosome They contain approximately half of the cytoplasm and organelle content of the original parental cell
46
True or false? The chloroplast and mitochondria separate equally in each cell during mitosis.
False
47
What is meiosis?
The production of haploid gametes
48
What is fertilization?
The fusion of haploid gametes. Contrary of meiosis
49
What is the definition of genetic variation?
The new combination of genes which helps for evolution
50
What happens during meiosis I?
The seperation if homologous chromosome pairs and reduction of the chromosome number by half
51
What happens during meiosis II?
The separation of sister chromatids (equational division)
52
What does meiosis form?
Gametes
53
What are the consequences of meiosis in genetic variation?
Four non-identical cells are produced The chromosome number in the cells is reduced by half The cells are genetically different then the parental cells.
54
What is crossing-over?
The exchange of genetic information from non-sister chromatids which created a new combination of gene. It is random and only happens in meiosis
55
During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Prophase I
56
True or false? Homologous chromosomes are distributed randomly in gametes.
True

Genetics (6 decks)

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