Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
gland
A
aden/o
1
Q
fat
A
adip/o
1
Q
prefix meaning before, front
A
anter/o
1
Q
lower part of the body, tail
A
caud/o (caudal)
1
Q
head
A
cephal/o (cephalic)
2
Q
tissue
A
hist/o
2
Q
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
A
path/o
2
Q
in, within, inside
A
end-
3
Q
control, maintenance of a constant level
A
stasis, static
3
Q
development, growth, formation
A
plasi, plaso, plasia
4
Q
the study of structures of the body
A
anatomy
5
Q
the study of the functions of the structures of the body
A
physiology
6
Q
the body standing in the standard position
A
anatomical position
7
Q
an up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon
A
vertical plane
8
Q
a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
A
sagittal plane
9
Q
the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
A
midsagittal plane
10
Q
a vertical plane that divides the body into ventral anterior and dorsal posterior portions
A
frontal plane
11
Q
situated in the front
A
anterior
12
Q
situated in the back
A
posterior
13
Q
a flat, crosswise plane, such as the horizon
A
horizontal plane
14
Q
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
A
transverse plane
15
Q
uppermost, above or toward the head
A
superior
16
Q
lowermost, below, or toward the feet
A
inferior
17
Q
the front of the organ or body, belly-side
A
ventral
18
the back of the organ or body
dorsal
19
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
proximal
20
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
distal
21
the direction toward, or nearer, the midline
medial
22
the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline
lateral
23
spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs
body cavities
24
located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and divided in two sections
dorsal cavity
25
located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
cranial cavity
26
located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
spinal cavity
27
located along the front of the body, contains the organs that maintain homeostasis
ventral cavity
28
the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
homeostasis
29
prefix for constant
home/o
30
surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs
thoracic cavity
31
contains the major organs of digestion
abdominal cavity
32
the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory system
pelvic cavity
33
refers to these two cavities as a single unit
abdominopelvic cavity
34
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen
inguinal
35
a descriptive system that divides the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into nine parts
regions of the thorax and abdomen
36
covered by the lower ribs
the right and left hypochondriac regions
37
prefix for cartilage
chondr/i
38
located above the stomach
epigastric region
39
located near the inward curve of the spine
right and left lumbar regions
40
surrounds the umbilicus (navel)
umbilical region
41
located below the stomach
hypogastric region
42
multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
43
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
parietal peritoneum
44
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
mesentery
45
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
visceral peritoneum
46
located behind the peritoneum
retroperitoneal
47
prefix for behind
retro-
48
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
49
the basic structural and functional units of the body
cells
50
the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
cytology
51
a specialist in the study and analysis of cells
cytologist
52
the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment
cell membrane
53
the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
cytoplasm
54
formative material of cells suffix
-plasm
55
controls activities of the cell and helps it divide; surrounded by the nuclear membrane, a structure within the cell
nucleus
56
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
stem cells
57
undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ; maintain and repair tissue in which they are found (somatic)
adult stem cells
58
undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; but, ability to form any adult cell
embryonic stem cells
59
has many potential uses to heal injuries and treat diseases
stem cell therapy
60
a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
gene
61
the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
genetics
62
a specialist in the field of how genes are transferred in offspring
geneticist
63
inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition of characteristic
dominant gene
64
inherited from both offspring will have condition, inherited from only one offspring will not have condition
recessive gene
65
the complete set of genetic information of an organism
genome
66
a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell
chromosome
67
located on the pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell is the same for all living organisms
DNA
68
a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
genetic mutation
69
a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
genetic disorder
70
a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affect both the respiratory and digestive systems
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
71
a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart disease
Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21(DS)
72
changes in the MRI gene that usually makes a protein needed for normal brain development delay, learning disabilities and social and behavioral issues
fragile x syndrome
73
a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing
hemophilia
74
a genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child. This condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife
Huntington's disease (HD)
75
a disorder affecting the connective tissue throughout the body, including the heart, eyes, blood vessels and musculoskeletal system
Marfan Syndrome
76
a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
muscular dystrophy
77
a rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing
phenylketonuria (PKU)
78
a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
tissue
79
the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
histology
80
a non-physician specialist who studies the microscopic structure of tissues
histologist
81
forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
epithelial tissue
82
the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of the mucous membranes
epithelium
83
the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
endothelium
84
support and connect organs and other body tissues
connective tissue
85
such as bone, cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body
dense connective tissue
86
this tissue provides protective padding, insulation, and support (fat)
adipose tissue
87
holds organs in place and binds tissue together
loose connective tissue
88
which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products to the body
fluid connective tissue
89
contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
muscle tissue
90
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
nerve tissue
91
the defective development, or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue
aplasia
92
the under-development of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
hypoplasia
93
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
anaplasia
94
the abnormal development of growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue
dysplasia
95
an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
hyperplasia
96
a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number of cells in the tissues
hypertrophy
97
a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
gland
98
secrete chemical substance into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
exocrine glands
99
produce hormones, do not have ducts; hormones secreted directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
100
a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx
adenoids
101
the inflammation of a gland
adenitis
102
a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body
adenocarcinoma
103
any disease or condition of a gland
adenosis
104
a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function
organ
105
the study of disease: its nature and cause as well as the produced changes in structure and function
pathology
106
a physician who specializes in the laboratory analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish diagnosis
pathologist
107
the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions
etiology
108
a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus
pathogen
109
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects
communicable disease
110
occurs when there is human-to-human contact in the form of touch or the exchange of bodily fluids
direct transmission
111
the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids
bloodborne transmission
112
the spread of infected respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person, which can transmit diseases such as measles, cold, COVID-19 and flu.
droplet transmission
113
occurs in situation in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
indirect contact transmission
114
occurs through contact with pathogens floating in the air
airborne transmission
115
caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present
food-borne and waterborne transmission
116
the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors (mosquitos sandflies, ticks)
vector-borne transmission
117
a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
epidemiologist
118
refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group or area
endemic
119
a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
epidemic
120
refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly world-wide
pandemic
121
produces symptoms that are detectible physical changes in the body
organic disorder
122
produces physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified
functional disorder
123
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
iatrogenic illness
124
any disease without a known cause
idiopathic disease
125
an illness caused by living pathgenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
infectious disease
126
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
nosocomial infection
127
a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of s specific disease process
syndrome
128
a common medical condition characterized by risk factors for developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes
metabolic syndrome
129
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
congenital disorder
130
can results in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe
developmental disorder
131
the congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage
atresia
132
the mother's health, her behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery
prenatal risk factors
133
the result of the mother's consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome
134
a birth that occurs earlier than the 37th week of development, can cause serious health problems because the baby's body systems have not had time to form completely
premature birth
135
disorders that occur as a result of trauma during labor or delivery
birth injuries
136
the study of the medical problems and care of older people
geriatrics
137
after death
postmortem
138
a postmortem examination
autopsy
139
an advance directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person, such as a close friend, to make treatment decisions should the patients be unable to make them
health care proxy
140
a document that allows a person to state their wishes for end-of-life medical care, in case they become unable to communicate their decisions
living will
141
a legal document stating that a person does not wish to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if their heart or breathing stop
Do Not Resuscitate order (DNR)
142
general practitioner, internist, pediatrician, geriatrician, nurse practitioner, physician assistant; Many medical office or clinic setting, these health care specialists are
primary care provider (PCP)
143
provides ongoing care of patients of all ages
general practitioner (GP)
144
a physician who specialized in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorder of the internal organs and related body systems
internist
145
a physician who specialized in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children
pediatrician
146
a physician who specializes in the care of older people
geriatrician
147
the branch of medicine relating to the health of older adults
geriatrics
148
a nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider
nurse practitioner (NP)
149
a licensed professional who works under that supervision of a physician
physician assistant (PA)
150
schedules and registers patients for appointments and may also work as a medical assistant
medical receptionist
151
performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctor's office, such as coding patients' medical information, measuring a patient's vital signs, administering injections, and drawing blood
medical assistant
152
reviews patients' medical records for insurance purposes, assigning codes for treatment and services based on universal alphanumeric codes for medical diagnoses, equipment, and procedures
medical coder
153
focuses in diagnosing and treating life-threatening emergency medical conditions
emergency room (ER)
154
a doctor who specialized in high-acuity medicine in the ER
emergency physician
155
a licensed health care professional who works in a pre-hospital setting on an ambulance, or in an emergency room
emergency medical technician (EMT)
156
a licensed health care professional who works in a variety of health care settings
registered nurse (RN)
157
in certain states, works under the supervision of a doctor or RN to provide basic patient care
licensed vocational nurse (LVN)
158
works under the supervision of a RN to provide basic patient care
certified nursing assistant
159
a licensed medical professional who dispenses prescribed medication to patients
pharmacist
160
provides continuously monitored care for critically ill patients
intensive care unit (ICU)
161
a physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU
intensivist
162
a physician focusing on the general medical care of hospitalized patients
hospitalist
163
unit provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care
telemetry
164
provides nursing care for lower-acuity patients who are recovering from surgery or require continued drug therapy or monitoring
medical/surgical
