Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
bi-
A
twice, double, two
2
Q
clon/o
A
violent action
3
Q
dys-
A
bad, difficult, or painful
4
Q
fasci/o
A
fascia, fibrous band
5
Q
fibr/o
A
fibrous tissue, fiber
6
Q
-ia
A
abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
7
Q
-ic
A
pertaining to
8
Q
kines/o, kinesi/o
A
movement
9
Q
-lysis
A
to set free, break down
10
Q
my/o
A
muscle
11
Q
-plegia
A
paralysis, stroke
12
Q
tax/o
A
coordination, order
13
Q
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
A
tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
14
Q
ton/o
A
tone, stretching, tension
15
Q
tri-
A
three
16
Q
the long, slender cells that make up muscles
A
muscle fibers
17
Q
a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or group of muscles
A
fascia
18
Q
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
A
myofascial
19
Q
a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
A
tendon
20
Q
attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
A
skeletal muscles
21
Q
located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands
A
smooth muscles
22
Q
form the muscular walls of the heart
A
myocardial muscles
23
Q
the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
A
innervation
24
Q
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
A
neuromuscular
25
the tightening of a muscle
contraction
26
occurs when a muscle returns to its original form
relaxation
27
the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
abduction
28
ab-
away from
29
duct
to lead
30
-ion
action
31
the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
adduction
32
ad-
toward
33
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
flexion
34
flex
to bend
35
increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
extension
36
ex-
away from
37
tens
to stretch out
38
the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
hyperextension
39
the act or raising or lifting a body part
elevation
40
the act of lowering a body part
depression
41
a circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint
rotation
42
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
circumduction
43
the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward
supination
44
the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
pronation
45
the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
dorsiflexion
46
the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
plantar flexion
47
where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton
origin
48
where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon
insertion
49
muscle inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process
mastoid
50
a thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall
pectoralis major
51
toward the side
lateralis
52
toward the midline
medialis
53
slanted or at an angle
oblique
54
in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
rectus
55
a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
sphincter
56
in a crosswise direction
transverse
57
also known as the biceps, is formed from two divisions
biceps brachii
58
also known as the triceps, is formed from three divisions
triceps brachii
59
the largest muscle of the buttock
gluteus maximus
60
located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted triangle (which is the greek letter delta)
deltoid muscle
61
located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles; the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles
hamstring group
62
muscle is in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows
frontalis
63
muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
temporalis
64
is one of the strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
masseter
65
makes up the bulk of the chest muscles in the male, or lies under the breast in the female
pectoralis major
66
found in the abdomen. flex and rotate the vertebral column. They also flex the torso and compress the abdomen.
external oblique
67
found in the abdomen. Flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help us breathe, and rotate the spine.
internal oblique muscles
68
helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine
rectus abdominis
69
located on the side of the abdomen. engaged when a person laughs or coughs
transverse abdominis
70
forms the muscular cap of the shoulders
deltoid
71
muscle moves the head and shoulder blade
trapezius
72
located in the anterior upper arm, flexes the elbow
biceps brachii
73
located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow
triceps brachii
74
extends the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip joint
rectus femoris
75
made up of four muscles, including the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee
quadriceps femoris
76
involved in knee flexion and hip extension
hamstring group
77
the calf muscle the flexes the knee and bands the foot downward (latin for stomach of the leg)
gastrocnemius
78
a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
exercise physiologist
79
a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
neurologist
80
helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work, or social interaction
occupational therapist
81
a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring disease, illness, or injury, of the ability to function in a normal or near-normal manner
physiatrist
82
provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
physical therapist
83
specializes in the prevention and treatment or injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles for athletes and other active individuals
sports medicine physician
84
inflammation of a fascia
fasciitis
85
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a range of other symptoms
fibromyalgia
86
an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
tenosynovitis
87
an acute inflammation or irritation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
tendinitis
88
a chronic condition characterized by pain due to repetitive overuse or an injury that has not healed
a tendon repeatedly suffering small injuries that don't heal properly
tendinosis
89
a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems. (debilitating and chronic disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity.
chronic fatigue syndrome
90
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.
adhesion
91
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
atrophy
92
a condition of physically wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS
cachexia
93
occurs when tissue, such as part of an internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it.
hernia
94
the most common type of hernia
inguinal hernia
95
tenderness or pain in the muscles
myalgia
96
a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
polymyositis
97
a serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury; muscle fibers in the bloodstream
rhabdomyolysis
98
rhabdomy/o
striated muscle
99
-lysis
breakdown
100
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
sarcopenia
101
sarc/o
flesh
102
-penia
deficiency
103
the state of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
muscle tone
104
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
atonic
105
a movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles
dystonia
106
a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
hypotonia
107
-ia
condition
108
the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
ataxia
109
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
contracture
110
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
intermittent claudication
111
any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or move muscles
spasm
112
the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
myoclonus
113
myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
singultus
114
a painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause
cramp
115
a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
torticollis
116
extreme slowness in movement
bradykinesia
117
brady-
slow
118
the distortion of impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
dyskinesia
119
abnormally increased muscle function or activity
hyperkinesia
120
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction (where the neuron activates the muscle to contract) and produces weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles, especially in the eye, face and throat.
myasthenia gravis
121
this general term describes a group of more than 30 generic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system
muscular dystrophy
122
a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports
repetitive stress disorders
123
involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the______, an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles in the arm or leg
compartment syndrome
124
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
overuse injuries
125
an inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
overuse tendinitis
126
which are usually overuse injuries, are discussed in chapter 3
stress fractures
127
the painful and progressive restriction of movement caused by an inflammation of a tendon's synovial sheath (too thick or inflamed, is stuck typically A1)
trigger finger
128
a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body
myofascial pain syndrome
129
the general term for irritation or degeneration of a tendon in any joint
tendinopathy
130
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
impingement syndrome
131
can occur as the irritated tendon weakens, or as the result of a fall or injury
rotator cuff tear
132
symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel into the hand are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
carpal tunnel syndrome
133
the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to reduce the pressure on the median nerve
carpal tunnel release
134
a benign, fluid-filled lump that usually occurs on the outer surface of the wrist or hand, sometimes as a result of a past injury
ganglion cyst
135
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
epicondylitis
136
a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus bone, causing pain
heel spur
137
an inflammation of the planter fascia on the sole of the foot. this condition causes foot or heel pain when walking or running
plantar fasciitis
138
a condition in which pain on the ball of the foot is caused by a swollen, inflamed nerve, usually between the third and fourth toes
Morton's neuroma
139
occurs when the tendon supporting the foot's arch weakens
posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
140
an injury to a joint, such as the ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn
sprain
141
an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
strain
142
a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia
shin splint
143
a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee
hamstring injury
144
a painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
achilles tendinitis
145
an overuse injury causing pain, usually just above the knee joint
iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS)
146
determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury, causes paralysis
spinal cord injury
147
the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
paralysis
148
a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
myoparesis
149
a weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body
hemiparesis
150
total paralysis affecting one side of the body
hemiplegia
151
-plegia
paralysis
152
the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
paraplegia
153
paralysis of all four extremities
quadriplegia
154
tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon
deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)
155
a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
range-of-motion testing
156
a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
electromyography (EMG)
157
involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination
muscle biopsy
158
administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
antispasmodic
159
a corticosteroid drug injected to relieve pain and inflammation in a specific joint
cortisone
160
administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries
muscle relaxant
161
cause temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission or nerve stimuli to the muscles.
neuromuscular-blocking drugs
162
a treatment in which some or the patient's own blood is separated to create a concentrated platelet-rich plasma
platelet-rich plasma therapy
163
uses direct injections of hyaluronic acid into the knee to increase the joint's viscous fluid, providing temporary relief from arthritis pain
viscosupplementation
164
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
ergonomics
165
a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint (TMI) disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome
myofascial release
166
consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living (ADL).
occupational therapy
167
treatment to prevent disability to restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
physical therpy
168
a physical therapy technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
therapeutic ultrasound
169
uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
170
the most common soft tissue injury treatment is known by the acronym___
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
171
a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
fasciotomy
172
the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
tenodesis
173
the release of a tendon from adhesions
tenolysis
174
the surgical cutting of a tendon to provide release or allow lengthening
tenotomy
175
the surgical suturing of a muscle
myorrhaphy
176
a surgical incision into a muscle
myotomy
