Chapter 2

Question 1

Federalism

Answer 1

The sharing of power between a central government and equally sovereign regional governments (Canada, Australia, Germany, etc)

Question 2

Unitary Governments

Answer 2

Those with single authority in a central capital with uniform law throughout the land (UK, France, Italy, Japan, etc)

Question 3

Full Faith and Credit

Answer 3

States must regard and honor the laws in other states

Question 4

Privileges and Immunities Clause

Answer 4

Declares “citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states”

Question 5

Extradition Clause

Answer 5

Obligates states to deliver captures fugitive criminals back to the state where the committed the original crime

Question 6

Police Powers

Answer 6

States have powers to create and enforce laws on health, safety, and morals

Question 7

Ninth Amendment

Answer 7

Rights not listed reserved by the people

Question 8

Tenth Amendment

Answer 8

Powers not delegated to the federal government reserved by the states

Question 9

Delegated Powers (Expressed Powers)

Answer 9

Powers the Constitution delegated to the federal government (Article 1, Section 8)

Question 10

Reserved Powers

Answer 10

Not specifically listed, and thus any powers not mentioned remain with the states

Question 11

Concurrent Powers

Answer 11

Powers are held by authorities from the state and federal level (both can lay and collect taxes, define crimes, run court systems, and improve lands)

Question 12

Obergefell v. Hodges

Answer 12

Supreme Court ruled (5:4) that the right to same-sex marriage was guaranteed by the due process clause and the equal protection clause in the 14th amendment

Question 13

Strict Constructionist

Answer 13

One who believes the Constitution should be interpreted literally or strictly

Question 14

Whiskey Rebellion

Answer 14

Whiskey Distillers refused to pay federal tax collectors, prompting Washington to call on militia. The rebellion was easily put down with a “brutal display of force,” causing many to question federal power.

Question 15

Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer 15

These laws allowed the federal government to jail anyone who spoke out about the government’s cause and to deport any foreigners who posed a threat against the US

Question 16

Compact Theory

Answer 16

Held that the 13 sovereign states, in creating the federal government, had entered into a compact (contract), regarding its jurisdiction (response to the Alien and Sedition Acts)

Question 17

Nullification

Answer 17

The right to declare null and void any federal law if a state thought the law violated the Constitution

Question 18

McCulloch v Maryland (1819)

Answer 18

Maryland viewed that the federal government had no legal right to create a bank. The state then tried to tax this bank, but when the chief cashier refused to pay, the case ended up in court. The Supreme Court ruled that even though the creation of a bank is not explicitly stated, there are phrases such as “coin money,” “borrow money,” and “collect taxes.” Therefore, Congress has the ability to create a bank under the elastic clause so it can carry out its purpose.

Question 19

Dual Federalism (Layer Cake)

Answer 19

The supremacy of the national and state government in their own spheres

Question 20

Selective Exclusiveness

Answer 20

A doctrine asserting that only Congress may regulate when the commodity requires a national uniform rule

Question 21

Sixteenth Amendment

Answer 21

Created the federal income tax

Question 22

Seventeenth Amendment

Answer 22

Made it so the general public voted Senators into office

Question 23

Fiscal Federalism

Answer 23

Congress collects federal tax revenues and distributes these funds to the states to take care of particular national concerns

Question 24

Grants-in-Aid Programs

Answer 24

Helps states take care of basic needs

Question 25

Categorical Grants

Answer 25

Grants with particular congressional guidelines or requirements (strings attached)

Question 26

Block Grants

Answer 26

Offer larger sums of money to the state to take care of some large, overarching purpose, without the strings of the categorical grants

Question 27

New Federalism

Answer 27

A political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states (Reagan)

Question 28

Mandates

Answer 28

Require states to comply with a federal directive, sometimes with the reward of funds and not with funds

Question 29

Clean Air Act

Answer 29

Set requirements and time tables for dealing with urban smog, acid rain, and toxic pollutants

Question 30

Americans with Disabilities Act

Answer 30

Made public sector buildings and transportation systems accessible for disabled individuals

Question 31

Devolution

Answer 31

Devolving some of the responsibilities assumed by the federal government over the years back onto the states

Question 32

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

Answer 32

Denied Congress ability to issue unfunded mandates

Question 33

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

Answer 33

Restricted welfare system to return much authority and distribution of welfare dollars to the states

Question 34

United States v Lopez (1995)

Answer 34

Lopez was arrested, tried and sentenced in a federal court after carrying a handgun into a San Antonio high school. This was a violation of the Gun-Free School Zone Act of 1990, but Lopez argues that the federal government had no business in a state-run school. The government tried to claim that connections to guns and drugs put the area under their jurisdiction through the commerce clause. The Supreme Court ruled that a gun near school property does not have an impact on interstate commerce, therefore the government has no authority.

Question 35

Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)

Answer 35

Ensured that lesser-funded schools received adequate resources

Question 36

No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)

Answer 36

Declared every child can learn and that schools and states should be held accountable for student learning

Question 37

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

Answer 37

States are free to determine their own standards for educational achievement while still upholding protections for disadvantaged students

Question 38

Revenue Sharing

Answer 38

A policy under fiscal federalism that requires both national and local funds for programs

Question 39

Cooperative Federalism (Marble Cake)

Answer 39

The intermingled relationships among the national, state, and local governments to deliver services to citizens