Chapter 2 Flashcards
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord, controls movement, thoughts/perception/emotions
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves that branch out from brain and spinal cord, communication channel between CNS to limbs/organs
The brain regions
Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem
Cerebrum
DOF/Serial Order
- higher control functions
- learning/reasoning/planning
- coordination
- control perception and integrate sensory info
Brain stem
Perception-Motor Integration
- pathway to carry sensory info
- vision/vestibular/proprioception
Diencephalon
Perception-Motor Integration
- relay sensory info
- produce and regulate neurochemicals (homeostasis)
Cerebellum
DOF/Perception-Motor Integration
- coordination
- learning motor skills
- muscle control
Cerebral Cortex
Grey matter, skilled movement of muscle groups on opposite side of body
1. Frontal lobe: voluntary movement
2. Parietal lobe: control perception and sensory info integration
3. Occipital lobe: visual perception
4. Temporal lobe: memory, abstract thought, judgement
Primary motor cortex
Provide signal for skilled movement, coordination and movement initiation
Supplementary motor cortex
Control rhythmic sequential movement by preparing/organizing the movement
Premotor cortex
Organization of movements before they are initiated, enables the transitioning between sequential movement
Homunculus
Different sizes represent density of receptors, larger density of receptors reflect dexterity of body segment
Basal Ganglia
Start/stop movement, control force
- Parkinson’s disease: tremors, freeze of gait, difficult initiation
- Huntingtons disease: unintended dance like movement, difficult termination
Spinal cord
Send signal to motor efferent, send sensory affront signal, reflex action
- Dorsal (posterior) horns: cells transmit sensory (afferent) information
- Ventral (anterior) horns: contains motor (efferent) neurons whose axons terminate on skeletal muscles
Motor neuron
- Dendrites: receive info from other neurons
- Myeline sheath: allow electrical impulses to transmit quickly (damage: multiple sclerosis)
- Axon (nerve fiber): there is only one axon per neurons, branches called collaterals
Factors of Movement control
Reaction time
Attention
Arousal and anxiety
Memory
Reaction time
Time between presentation of stimulus and initiation of motor response (speed to make decision)
Movement time
Time from initiation to completion of movement
Response time
Reaction time + movement time
Simple reaction
1 stimulus and 1 response
Choice reaction
2+ stimuli and each has a different reaction
Psychological Refractory Period
2 stimuli presented in quick succession with both requiring different responses, first response delays the response to second
Ex: faking out in basketball
Stimulus-Response Compatibility
When compatible:
- reaction time is shorter
- errors are decreased
- learning is faster
Ex: visual feedback during rehab, stroop test
Single-channel filter theory
Tasks are done in serial order and a bottleneck in information processing can occur, can perform simultaneous tasks if they aren’t the same processing resource
