Exam 2 questions Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three C’s of infant locomotion?
A
Creeping
Crawling
Cruising
2
Q
What is a teratogen?
A
An agent that has negative impacts on the body.
3
Q
What are the 3 Ds of agents of the teratogens?
A
Drugs
Disease
Diet
4
Q
What is the primary reason why early intervention is essential when treating an at risk child?
A
Children have more neural plasticity than adults.
5
Q
What the 3 classifications of functional movements in children? Give examples.
A
Stability - squat
Locomotor - run
Manipulative - grabbing object
6
Q
What are the 3 skill levels for fundamental movements?
A
Initial
Elementary
Mature
7
Q
Between 2-6 years old, there’s a gain in new and important motor abilities, which serve as the foundation for movement. Provide 3 reasons why gaining this movement foundation is important in early childhood.
A
- These movements are important for complex sport movements when they get older.
- Without this, they might embarrass themselves during a game/activity which will decrease their willingness to exercise again.
- Important to maintain an appropriate level of physical activity.
8
Q
Describe the difference between chronological age vs. biological age.
A
Chronological - how many years old you are
Biological - how old you are based on activities you participate in and how your body has adapted to them (drinking, smoking, exercise)
9
Q
Why does physical activity decrease as young adults approach middle adulthood?
A
Fear of injury
Lack of time
Ageism
Finances
10
Q
Due to the fear of falling, there are changes in the locomotor pattern in older adults. Which of the following is not related to this?
A. Increased step width
B. Decreased step frequency
C. Decreased step time in swing phase
D. Increased time in double support
A
B. Decreased step frequency
11
Q
There are 3 types of practice schedules: serial, block, and random. Among these schedules, which one involved the highest amount of contextual interference?
A
Random, then serial, then block
12
Q
For each motor characteristic described below, indicate whether a lower level or higher level of contextual interference is appropriate.
A. For more difficult skills ______
B. For skill of lower level of difficulty _____
C. For novice and young children _____
D. For more skilled individuals ______
A
A. For more difficult skills: low
B. For skill of lower level of difficulty: high
C. For novice and young children: low
D. For more skilled individuals: high
13
Q
Greater practice variability enhances the positive transfer from practice to test contexts. For the basketball free-throw, answer the questions below and describe how to increase the variability of the non-regulatory variation.
1. Closed or open skill?
2. Do the regulatory conditions change?
3. How can we vary the non-regulatory condition?
A
- Closed
- No
- Crowd noise, length of game
14
Q
Why would overlearning lead to poor learning? Provide 2 reasons.
A
- They will get bored, which decreases arousal.
- They may start to overthink the skill and mess it up more often.
15
Q
For each task characteristic, indicate whether a whole or part practice is appropriate.
1. Low complexity
2. High complexity
3. Low organization
4. High organization
A
- Whole
- Part
- Part
- Whole
16
Q
Provide an example for each part practice technique.
1. Fractionation
2. Segmentation
3. Simplification
4. Attention cueing
A
- Practice kicking for butterfly swim
- Practice tuck jump before backflip
- Put training wheels on
- Playing a sound when you want someone to step
17
Q
Choose the correct explanation of spontaneous movements.
A. Are also referred to as rhythmical stereotypies
B. Are reflexive
C. Are random movement and not, at any point, coordinated movements
D. Include reflexive movements that mimic voluntary swimming
A
A. Are also referred to as rhythmical stereotypies
18
Q
What are the 3 types of reflexive behaviors in infanthood?
A. Primitive reflexes, postural reflexes, locomotor reflexes
B. Moro reflex, parachute reflex, swim reflex
C. Reflexive reflexes, spontaneous reflexes, voluntary reflexes
D. Crawling reflexes, creeping reflexes, cruising reflexes
A
A. Primitive reflexes, postural reflexes, locomotor reflexes
19
Q
Choose the correct explanation of reflexes.
A. Are controlled at the cortical level
B. Do not have a protective function
C. May serve as practice for later movements
D. Are voluntary movements
A
C. May serve as practice for later movements
20
Q
When pediatricians examine infants, they…
A. Infrequently screen for developmental delays
B. Rely on clinical judgements
C. Review the attainments of motor milestones
D. All of the above
A
D. All of the above
21
Q
What is the correct information about cerebral palsy?
A. Is obvious at birth
B. Always includes a cognitive deficit
C. May include problems of perception and communication
D. Is a single disorder as opposed to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders
A
C. May include problems of perception and communication
22
Q
True or False: Cylindrical, hook and tip are all types of grasps/grips.
A
True
23
Q
Place the 3 stages of prenatal development into the correct order.
A. Embryonic -> Germinal -> Fetal
B. Germinal -> Fetal -> Embryonic
C. Fetal -> Embryonic -> Germinal
D. Germinal -> Embryonic -> Fetal
A
D. Germinal -> Embryonic -> Fetal
24
Q
Which is the last sense to develop during infancy?
A. Hearing
B. Taste
C. Vision
D. Touch
A
C. Vision
25
Which of the following is not a locomotor skill?
A. Hopping
B. Bending
C. Skipping
D. Jumping
B. Bending
26
What are the 3 general groupings of fundamental motor reflexes? Provide and example of each skill type.
Primitive - Doll eye, Sucking
Postural reaction - Parachute
Locomotor reflex - Stepping, Crawling
27
Gabbard has referred to fundamental movement skills as the movement foundation because of their importance in...
A. Activities of daily living
B. Complex skill combinations used in sporting activities
C. The development of cognition
D. The development of muscle mass
B. Complex skill combinations used in sporting activities
28
29
Fundamental movement skills can be divided into which of these three general groupings?
A. Stability skills, locomotor skills, manipulative skills
B. Cognitive skills, affective skills, psychomotor skills
C. Games, gymnastics, dance
D. Games of low organization, self-testing activities, lifetime activities
A. Stability skills, locomotor skills, manipulative skills
29
As people move into older adulthood, they are predominantly...
A. learning new skills
B. learning how to combine 2 or more discrete skills
C. adapting their movements due to the changes in their organismic constraints
D. learning to combine 2 or more serial skills
C. adapting their movements due to the changes in their organismic constraints
29
It is appropriate to measure improvement in movement skills by...
A. comparing when an individual acquires a skill relative to when most individuals acquire the skill
B. looking at the final product
C. examining changes in the movement pattern
D. examining either changes in the movement pattern or changes in the movement product
D. examining either changes in the movement pattern or changes in the movement product
30
With respect to the overarm throw for distance and accuracy...
A. more girls than boys remain unskilled into their middle school years
B. quantitative differences between boys and girls are now insignificant because of the passage of Title IX
C. most females achieve a mature throw
D. elementary school boys and girls demonstrate similar techniques
A. more girls than boys remain unskilled into their middle school years
31
The three methods used to measure improvement or delays in motor skills development are...
Age-norm
Quantitative measurements
Qualitative measurements
32
The 2 theoretical perspectives that see movement skill emerge and become refined over time through changes in the individual, environment, and task-related constraints imposed on the organism-environment system are the ________ perspective and the _______ perspective.
Ecological approach; dynamic systems theory
33
Which of the following is not a factor that causes a decrease in gait speed in older adults?
A. reduced stride length
B. decreased stride frequency
C. increased double-support time
D. more flat-footed contact with the ground
B. decreased stride frequency
34
Which of the following is the simplest measure of the age of peak athletic performance in humans?
A. logitudinal study assessing athletic performance
B. cross-sectional assessing athletic performance in adults of various ages
C. comparison of the ages of world record holders
D. comparison of athletic performance across sports
C. comparison of the ages of world record holders
35
Which of the following is true?
A. elite performance has significantly improved over the last century
B. age at which elite performance occurs has significantly improved over the last century
C. gender differences have significantly increased over the last century
D. none of the above
A. elite performance has significantly improved over the last century
36
A fear of falling can cause older adults to...
A. increase their physical activities
B. walk longer steps
C. walk with more time in double stance
D. increase step frequency
C. walk with more time in double stance
37
Which of the following is a reason why physical activity levels change with adulthood?
A. more free time
B. easier access to facilities
C. peaks in physical performance
D. financial restraints
D. financial restraints
38
Which of the following activities is least effective in developing stronger and thicker bones?
A. weightlifting
B. running
C. swimming
D. powerlifting
C. swimming
39
Which of the following suggestions is not appropriate for hypertensive individuals?
A. participate in high-intensity exercise
B. participate in weight training
C. encourage breathing during movements
D. participate in aerobic exercise
A. participate in high-intensity exercise
40
Which of the following is a functional age related change in the visual system?
A. increased cornea thickness
B. reduced visual accommodation
C. decreased pupil size
D. decreased ability to adapt to light changes
D. decreased ability to adapt to light changes
41
Maximal strength peaks and plateaus until what age?
A. 25-30
B. 30-35
C. 35-40
D. 40-45
C. 35-40
42
Which of the following has the greatest rate of decline?
A. skeletal muscle mass
B. strength
C. power
D. all of these have the same rate of decline
A. skeletal muscle mass
43
True or False: Endurance trained athletes experience a decreased rate of decline in comparison to sedentary individuals.
False
44
What is the most commonly found age-related change in kinesthetic perception?
A. body awareness
B. spatial awareness
C. tactile sensitivity
D. laterality
C. tactile sensitivity
45
True or False: Exercise is a non-modifiable risk factor of the low bone mass density in aging population.
False
46
Age related muscle loss is known as...
sarcopenia
47
______ is a condition characterized by weakened bones that are more prone to fractures, while ______ is a less severe form where the bones are weaker than normal but not to the extent of disease state.
Osteoporosis; osteopenia
48
Which theory of contextual interference argues that random practice forces the person to abandon and then reassemble a skill?
A. forgetting and reconstruction
B. elaboration
C. distinction
D. augmentation
A. forgetting and reconstruction
49
Cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill is called...
A. mental practice
B. imagery
C. distributed practice
D. mind over body
A. mental practice
50
The "sensorimotor representation of a skill" explanation of practice specificity predicts that...
A. the value of sensory feedback diminishes with extensive practice
B. the impact of vision diminishes with extensive practice
C. adding or deleting sensory info will disrupt performance during transfer tasks
C. adding or deleting sensory info will disrupt performance during transfer tasks
51
Which part practice method breaks a task into distinct parts, often along the dimension of time?
A. fractionation
B. segmentation
C. simplification
D. cueing
B. segmentation
52
True or False: The guideline for implementing practice variability for the learning of open skills is to very both regulatory and non regulatory conditions.
True
53
True or False: The contextual interference effect has been found for learning perceptual-cognitive skills required for making decisions in sports.
True
54
True or False: Research has shown that people who practice in a blocked practice schedule tend to overestimate how much they are learning during practice.
True
55
Regulatory conditions in a motor skill performance situation include:
A. speed of tennis ball during rally
B. score of a baseball game
C. number of spectators at a game
D. color of a pen that you need to pick up
A. speed of tennis ball during rally
56
The amount of contextual interference in a practice situation can be considered as a continuum ranging from low to high created by the practice schedule. Which of the following practice schedules describes a low to high continuum of practice schedules?
A. blocked-serial-random
B. blocked-random-serial
C. serial-random-blocked
D. random-serial-blocked
A. blocked-serial-random
57
Which of the following situations does not support the specificity of practice hypothesis?
A. the cognitive processing characteristics required during practice
B. the environmental context characteristics of the practice experience
C. the practice schedules used to practice multiple variations of a skill
D. the type of sensory or perceptual info available during practice
C. the practice schedules used to practice multiple variations of a skill
58
Research has shown that beginning badminton players learned the long, short, and drive serves best when they followed a _____ schedule to practice the serves.
random
59
True or False: Research has shown that the over-learning strategy benefits the learning of all types of motor skills
False
60
True or False: The classic study by Longman and Baddeley, which involved the training of postal workers to perform a keyboarding skill, demonstrated that distributed practice is better for learning than massed practice when it applies to the length and distribution of practice sessions.
True
61
True or False: Sleep improves the memory consolidation process which may be one reason why distributing practice sessions is more successful than messing practice
True
62
True or False: Massed intertrial interval schedules lead to better learning for continuous skills than distributed schedules.
False
63
In the study by Schendel and Hagman, the machine gun-assembly skill that was shown to benefit from overtraining is an example of a...
A. procedural skill
B. continuous skill
C. dynamic skill
D. open skill
A. procedural
64
When increasing the amount of practice beyond a certain ponit foes not lead to results proportionally beneficial for learning, the practice has reached a point of...
A. diminishing returns
B. limited benefit
C. overpractice
D. saturation
A. diminishing returns
65
Which of the following is a reason why more practice can lead to poorer retention and transfer test performance?
A, if the to be learned task is too simple people become bored
B. learners stop putting in enough cognitive effort to improve
C. continued practice of the same movement reduces practice variability and therefore ones capability to remember the movement or transfer learning to a movement variation
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
66
Although research suuports overlearning as an effective practice strategy for learning motor skills, it is important to remember that the amount of practice is...
A. next in importance to variability for influencing skill learning
B. not a critical variable influencing skill learning
C. not the most critical variable influencing skill learning
D. the most critical variable influencing skill learning
C. not the most critical variable influencing skill learning
67
Practice schedule A involves two 1 hour practice sessions on each of three days, while schedule B involves one 1 hour practice session on each of six days. In this scenario, schedule A would be referred to as...
A. blocked practice
B. distributed practice
C. massed practice
D. random practice
C. massed practice
68
An individual is learning a new continuous motor skill. What type of practice distribution should they follow for the length and frequency of their practice sessions and the intertrial intervals within a practice session?
distributed, distributed
69
Of the two types of imagery that have been categorized, the one that involves people experiencing the sensations that could be expected in an actual performance situation is called ______ imagery.
internal
70
True or False: A potential problem with the use of manual guidance is that it can create a dependence on this type of feedback by the learner.
True
71
The sensory-perceptual information that is a natural part of performing a skill is known as...
A. task-intrinsic feedback
B. augmented feedback
C. concurrent feedback
D. terminal feedback
A. task-intrinsic feedback
72
When augmented feedback serves to encourage a person to continue striving to achieve a performance goal, augmented feedback functions as...
A. a guide to correct errors
B. motivation
C. reinforcement
D. task intrinsic feedback
B. motivation
73
Most research shows that when augmented feedback is based on performance errors versus correct performance...
A. error-based feedback is better for facilitating motor skill learning
B. correct performance feedback is better for facilitating motor skill learning
C. error-based feedback is better early in practice, but correct performance feedback is better later in practice
D. correct performance feedback is better early in practice, but error-based feedback is better later in practice
A. error-based feedback is better for facilitating motor skill learning
74
Participants who were given erroneous knowledge knowledge of results (KR) when they could have learned a task based on task-intrinsic feedback without KR...
A. attend to the task intrinsic feedback and ignored the erroneous KR
B. ignored the task intrinsic feedback and performed according to the erroneous KR
C. attended to both the task intrinsic feedback and erroneous KR and performed according to a mid-point between them
D. became confused and performed eratically
B. ignored the task intrinsic feedback and performed according to the erroneous KR
75
If a video replay is used as augmented feedback for beginners, research shows that it tends to work better when used...
A. in any situation in all stages of learning
B. only for advanced performers
C. only with the instructor present
D. video replays should never be used with beginners
C. only with the instructor present
76
Which of the following is an example of the use of concurrent augmented feedback?
A. when driving on a narrow, curvy street in a car simulator, seeing different visible signals to indicate when the car is inside or outside the street.
B. when using EMG biofeedback, hearing a beeping sound when the target muscle is activated
C. when performing a knee-extension movement, seeing the knee-angle displacement curve shange on a computer monitor
D. all of these
D. all of these
77
One activity shown to actually benefit skill learning when it occurs in the knowledge of result (KR) delay interval is...
A. practicing another skill that has KR presented on each trial
B. performing any type of motor skill
C. performing any type of verbal skill
D. estimating your own error for the just completed response
A. practicing another skill that has KR presented on each trial
78
If a person throws a series of 50 darts at a target that cannot be seen and is shown the results of each set of 10 throws at the end of every 10 free throws. the augmented feedback technique is called the...
A. performance bandwidth technique
B. averaged augmented feedback technique
C. summary augmented feedback technique
D. self-selected technique
C. summary augmented feedback technique
79
A learner is most likely to become dependent on augmented feedback when...
A. task-intrinsic feedcal is minimal or difficult to detect
B. the learner substitutes augmented feedback for task-intrinsic feedback
C. augmented feedback becomes an essential part of the task
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
80
The technique used by Winstein and Schmidt that yielded the most effective means of reducing the frequency of augmented feedback was called the ______ technique.
fading
81
Cerebral cortex function and disorder
Function: precise limb control, anticipatory balance adjustment, voluntary movement
Disorder: Alzheimer’s disease
82
Motor neuron function and disorder
Function: upper - direct connection to motor control centers in the brain stem and spinal cord, lower- inner action of muscle fibers
Disorder: ALS
83
Myelin function and disorder
Function: increase signal conduction speed
Disorder: multiple sclerosis
84
Basal ganglia function and disorder
Function: facilitate and inhibit movements, fluidity of movements
Disorder: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s
85
Cerebellum function and disorder
Function: automatization, feedforward info, coordination of movement, rhythm perception
Disorder: Cerebellar Ataxia
86
Exercise-aging cycle
Aging and physical activity: increased age, reduced exercise
Changing body comp. and athletic abilities: increased fat, decreased endurance/strength/flexibility
Psychological changes: decreased self-esteem, increased stress/anxiety
Physiological decline: heart disease, hypertension, muscle problems
87
Hypertension - Modifiable risk factors
Exercise
Sodium intake
Obesity
Lipids/cholesterol
Stress
Smoking
Alcohol
88
Hypertension - nonmodifiable risk factors
Sex
Age
Ethnicity
Family history
Diabetes
89
3 stages of motor development
Initial
Elementary
Mature
90
Gait speed cut offs for:
Dependent activities for daily living
Limited community ambulator
Need intervention to reduce fall risk
Dependent activities for daily living: <0.6m/s
Limited community ambulator: <0.8m/s
Need intervention to reduce fall risk: <1m/s
91
Osteoporosis
Osteoblast creation of new bone can’t keep up with osteoclast deterioration of bone.
92
Contextual interference practice schedules
1. Nonrepeated blocks of trials of each task variation
2. Serial repetition of short blocks of trials of each task variation
3. Random repetition of short blocks of trials of each task variation
4. Serial order of trials of all task variations
5. Random order of trials of all task variations
93
Descriptive Knowledge performance
Describe movement pattern
Useful to explain to learners what they are doing wrong
94
Prescriptive Knowledge Performance
Provides suggestions to correct the error
A reference criteria is essential
