chapter 2

Question 1

weathering includes

Answer 1

destruction and synthesis

Question 2

new minerals form from

Answer 2

minor chemical alterations or complete chemical breakdown of original mineral

Question 3

physical weathering (disintergreation)is the

Answer 3

making of small fragments with same composition of orignal rock

Question 4

soil formation is stimulated by

Answer 4

climate and living organisms acting on parent materials over periods of time and under modifying influence of topography

Question 5

signs that soil formation is happening

Answer 5

accumulation of organic matter in upper horizons,

downward movement of soluble ions,

synthesis and downward movement of clays,

development of soil structure

Question 6

4 process of soil formation

Answer 6

gains, losses, transformations, translocations

Question 7

erosion allows us to

Answer 7

get new parent material

Question 8

erosion is

Answer 8

the lateral movement of materials downslope due to gravity wind and water

Question 8

What is the first Weathering processes and state

Answer 8

Parent material, the initial state of system

Question 8

What is the second Weathering processes and stateWhat is the first Weathering processes and state

Answer 8

the intermediate states, soil formation

Question 8

what is the final Weathering processes and state

Answer 8

mature soil, the final state

Question 9

Physical weathering

Answer 9

or mechanical weathering, the breaking of rocks into smaller particles (soils) without any change in chemical composition

Question 9

chemical weathering

Answer 9

the process by which rocks are decomposed, dissolved, or loosened by chemical processes to form residual material

Question 9

physical weathering is mainly a result of

Answer 9

changes in temperature, pressure, abriasian by water wind ice

Question 9

evidence of chemical weathering

Answer 9

change in color due to dexos, depletion of original materials, alteration of minerals, neoformation of FE, changes in chem

Question 9

physical weathering most ACTIVE IN WHAT ENVIORNMENT

Answer 9

very cold or dry

Question 9

chemical weathering takes place

Answer 9

in wet and hot climates

Question 10

what are the factors that influence soil formation

Answer 10

parent material, climate, biota, topography, time

Question 11

How are soil horizons made?

Answer 11

by weathering

Question 12

soil is made up of…

Answer 12

breakdown products of weathering + organic matter

Question 13

What allows us to get new parent material

Answer 13

erosion

Question 13

erosion

Answer 13

movement of materials downslope due to gravity, wind, water

Question 14

what is the first part of weathering process

Answer 14

parent material, the initial state of system

Question 15

what is the second part of weathering process

Answer 15

intermediate states, or soil formation

Question 16

what is the third part of weathering process

Answer 16

mature soil, final state of system

Question 17

physical weathering is

Answer 17

breaking down of rocks into smaller particles (soils) without any change in the chemical composition of the rock

Question 18

Biogeochemical weathering (chemical weathering)

Answer 18

rocks being decomposed, dissolved, loosened by chemical processes to form residual material

Question 19

In physical weathering, do the smaller fragments have the same composition as the original rock?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

physical weathering can be caused by

Answer 20

temperature, pressure, abrasian by water, wind ice

Question 21

biogeochemical weathering

Answer 21

the breakdown of primary minerals and generation of secondary minerals

Question 22

evidence of biogeochemical weathering

Answer 22

change in color depletion of original minerals alteration of original clay minerals changes in major element chemistry changes in chemistry of water flowing through the soil

Question 23

biogeochemical breakdown is enhanced by

Answer 23

hydrolysis hydration complexation oxidation-reduction carbonation

Question 24

hydrolysis

Answer 24

destruction of a mineral by reaction of H and OH ions in water

Question 25

hydration

Answer 25

chemical combining of mineral with water molecules

Question 26

complexation

Answer 26

ion or molecule binds to central metal

Question 27

oxidation reduction

Answer 27

loss or gain of elections

Question 28

carbonation

Answer 28

dissolution of co2 in water/solution

Question 29

which weathering type is in cold and dry env. mostly

Answer 29

physical

Question 30

what time of climate is chemical weathering most intense

Answer 30

wet and hot climates

Question 31

What factors influence soil formation

Answer 31

parent material, climate, biota, topography, time

Question 31

How do the two weathering methods work together?

Answer 31

physical weathering leads to increase of surface area for chemical weathering

Question 32

What is parent material

Answer 32

the starting point for soil formation

Question 33

igneous

Answer 33

formed from molten lava

Question 34

sedimentary

Answer 34

formed when weathering products released from older rocks eventually form new rock

Question 35

metamorphic

Answer 35

formed from older parent rock under heat or pressure in earths interior

Question 36

darker minerals form...

Answer 36

soils faster and more nutrients

Question 37

what mineral is most resistant to weathering

Answer 37

quartz

Question 38

what primary mineral is least resistant to weathering

Answer 38

olivine

Question 39

minerals

Answer 39

collection of elements with definite chemical composition and crystal structure

Question 40

rocks

Answer 40

collection of one or more minerals

Question 41

classification of parent material

Answer 41

by type of rock by mode of placement

Question 42

what are the two modes of placement in classification of parent material

Answer 42

residual and transporter

Question 43

residual mode of placement

Answer 43

formed in place from native rock

Question 44

transported by mode of placement

Answer 44

move by water ice wind or gravity

Question 45

For every 10C rise in tempt. the rates of biochemical rections

Answer 45

double

Question 46

high rainfall and high temperatures means

Answer 46

strong weathering

Question 47

low rain fall high temp means

Answer 47

little weathering

Question 48

low temp. mid rain fall means

Answer 48

strong weathering

Question 49

does natural vegetation have effect on soil

Answer 49

yas

Question 50

what is the effect of cultivation on soils

Answer 50

surface layers mixed by tillage, fast transformation of slil characteristics

Question 51

Aspect

Answer 51

where you face the sun and how long