Chapter 2

Question 1

Cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

Answer 1

Element

Question 2

The most basic unit/The smallest unit that can be identified as a specific element

Answer 2

Atom

Question 3

4 most important elements that make up approx 96% of an organisms mass

Answer 3

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

Question 4

Atoms are made up of

Answer 4

Subatomic particles - protons, neutrons, electrons

Question 5

The core of an atom

Answer 5

Nucleus

Question 6

Atoms are identified by

Answer 6

Atomic number which corresponds to the number of protons in the nucleus

Question 7

Sum of an atoms neutrons and protons produces the

Answer 7

Atomic mass

Question 8

What is an isotope

Answer 8

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons - eg. carbon 12 13 and 14

Question 9

The outer portion of an atom consists of?

Answer 9

Electrons which are contained in shells. Each shell can only hold a certain number of electrons. The electrons in the further shells have more energy and can be shared with other atoms.

Question 10

Reactive atom

Answer 10

When the outer shell is not full and the atom and gain/lose electrons. Less stable atom.

Question 11

A charged but stable atom

Answer 11

Ion

Question 12

An atom that is stable without losing or gaining an electron and has a full outer shell is known as

Answer 12

An inert gas

Question 13

The link between two or more atoms is known as

Answer 13

Chemical bond

Question 14

The degree to which an atom attracts electrons

Answer 14

Affinity

Question 15

Bond formed by atoms “sharing” electrons

Answer 15

Covalent bonds

Question 16

What are hydrocarbons

Answer 16

Molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon - methane gas

Question 17

2 types of covalent bonds

Answer 17

Polar and non-polar. Polar have opposite charges at its ends like a magnet.

Question 18

The bond between polar molecules

Answer 18

Hydrogen bond

Question 19

1. Compounds that interact well with water
2. Compounds that don’t

Answer 19

1. Hydrophilic
2. Hydrophobic

Question 20

A liquid (solvent) and something dissolved in it (solute) creates what

Answer 20

Solution

Question 21

Anything that raise the concentration of H+ in a solution is known as an

Answer 21

Acid

Question 22

Anything that lowers the H+ in a solution is known as a

Answer 22

Base

Question 23

Molecules primarily made up of carbon atoms are known as

Answer 23

Organic molecules

Question 24

OH group that makes a molecule polar

Answer 24

Hydroxyl

Question 25

4 most important modified hydrocarbons are

Answer 25

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 26

3 types of carbohydrates

Answer 26

Monosaccharides - made of one sugar mulecule
Disaccharides - 2 monosaccharides bonded together
Polysaccharides - a chain of sugars

Question 27

A bond which uses H2O to form 2 monosaccharides

Answer 27

Hydrolysis

Question 28

A bond where water is a byproduct

Answer 28

Condensation reaction

Question 29

A protein that carries out reactions

Answer 29

Enzymes - most enzyme names end in ase

Question 30

An enzyme that synthesizes or digests lipids

Answer 30

Lipase

Question 31

A lipid chain whose carbons are single bonded to each other and full of hydrogen is known as

Answer 31

Saturated fat - these fats tend to be more solid as the molecules can sit closely together

Question 32

A lipid chain whose carbon may be double bonded is known as

Answer 32

Unsaturated fat - tend to be liquidlike

Question 33

Basic building blocks of proteins

Answer 33

Amino acids - 20 different ones. All have a COOH (r group) that differentiates them. Can form hydrogen bonds

Question 34

The type of covalent bond that binds together amino acids

Answer 34

Peptide bond

Question 35

Amino acids folded into a complex, 3D structure is known as a

Answer 35

Protein

Question 36

The name for a protein that has been unfolded is

Answer 36

Denatured

Question 37

Protein digesting enzyme

Answer 37

Protease

Question 38

Amount of energy to start a reaction is known as

Answer 38

Activation energy

Question 39

The process of creating a reaction with enzymes

Answer 39

The molecule to be altered (substrate) binds to the active site on the enzyme. An inhibitor will bind to the active site of the enzyme when no further action is required.

Question 40

Genetic material in microorganisms and other living things

Answer 40

Deoxyribonucleic acid which is composed of nucleotides

Question 41

Nucleotides are composed of

Answer 41

5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group and nitrogenous base

Question 42

Cytosine and thymine are examples of

Answer 42

Pyrimidines and are single ringed structures

Question 43

Adenine and guanine are examples of

Answer 43

Purines which are double ringed structures

Question 44

A sequence of DNA nucleotides that code for a single protein is known as a

Answer 44

Gene

Question 45

The “ messenger” that carries DNAs genetic message to be transcribed is know as

Answer 45

RNA