Chapter 6

Question 1

Vector

Answer 1

Mode of transmission of pathogens between humans, these diseases are known as vector-borne. Example-malaria (mosquito)

Question 2

Bubonic plague

Answer 2

540AD. Worst epidemic known to mankind. 5000 people died daily. High fevers, swollen glands in armpit and groin which ruptured and caused gangrenous lesions and severe pain. Death followed in a week.

Question 3

Major European pandemic

Answer 3

Plague

Question 4

Acute diseases

Answer 4

The pathogen replicates rapidly and symptoms appear quickly. Require a large population to persist. Known as crowd diseases

Question 5

Chronic disease

Answer 5

Replicate at a slower rate, immune response is incomplete as the pathogen is not eliminated. Does not require rapid transmission or large population. Eg TB

Question 6

Malaria

Answer 6

Mosquito born disease. Large death toll during the building of the Panama Canal.

Question 7

Typhus

Answer 7

Transmitted by body lice in crowded, unsanitary spaces. Bacterium rickettsia prowazekii. Napoleons army’s downfall when attempting to conquer russia

Question 8

Germ theory for disease

Answer 8

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis discovered in 1847. Concept that microorganisms cause disease. Discovered on a birthing unit in Vienna. Medical students passing microbes from autopsies to delivering mothers. No sense of hand hygiene.

Question 9

Joseph Lister

Answer 9

Founded the aseptic technique in 1865 using carbolic acid (phenol) for wounds and bandages.

Question 10

Robert Koch

Answer 10

Pure culture technique. Isolated bacteria and cultured them on agar to determine which microorganism was causing disease and what would be used to treat them.

Question 11

Koch’s postulates

Answer 11

Koch used anthrax from infected livestock and injected it into healthy animals who then developed anthrax. Also used to identify the bacteria that causes TB.

Question 12

First vaccinations

Answer 12

Dr. Edward Jenner infected a boy with cowpox, once the child developed symptoms he also injected the boy with smallpox. The child became immune to smallpox because of the cowpox. The word vaccination came from vacca.

Question 13

Attenuation

Answer 13

Process of weakening microbes to create vaccines

Question 14

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 14

Found that certain histológicas dyes would stain bacteria but not animal cells. 1908 he found that salvarsan was effective against syphilis.

Question 15

Spontaneous generation

Answer 15

Organisms appeared spontaneously. Disproved by Louis Pasteur. Maggots only appeared on rotting meat if flies had access to it.

Question 16

Pasturization