CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
(79 cards)
Theories under Sociological Theory
- Social Structure Theory
- Social Process Theory
- Social Control Theory
- Social Conflict Theory
They view delinquency as a product of different social factors and dynamics
Sociological Theory
● They hold that delinquency is a function of a person’s place in the economic structure.
● They recognize that various sources of crime data show that crime rates are highest in neighborhoods characterized by poverty and social disorder
● Based on position on socio-economic
Social Structure Theory
● This focuses on the condition within the urban environment that affects crime rates. A disorganized area is one in which institutions of social control such as family, and commercial establishments; schools have broken down and can no longer carry out their expected or state functions.
● Breakdown of social control mostly found in inner city
Social Disorganization Theory
FACTORS resulting to Social Disorganization/ breakdown of social control
1) Psychological Factor
▪︎ conflict
▪︎ competition
▪︎ accomodation
2) cultural conflict
▪︎ malajustment of existing institution
3) Biological
▪︎ population
▪︎ intercast marriage
4) physical Factor
▪︎ Flood
▪︎ Storm
▪︎ other calamity
5) Social problems
▪︎ criminality
▪︎ poverty
▪︎ unemployment
▪︎ corruption
This theory was introduced by Robert Merton, he believed that deviant behavior was caused by conditions in social structures. The society created strain between culturally prescribed goals and socially structure to achieved these goals. Adaptation are conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion
Strain Theory
Inability of individual to achieva culturally valued goals that causes
▪︎ frustration
▪︎ anger
▪︎ resentment
▪︎ disparity
▪︎ under great pressure
▪︎ goal is blocked
Strain Theory
Robert Agnew formulated this theory. It assumes that exposure to strain, especially on a persistent basis, increases the child’s risk for delinquency
General Strain Theory
This theory suggests that the root cause of criminality can be found in a clash of values between differently socialized groups over what is acceptable or proper behavior.
Culture Conflict or Culture Deviance Theory
They view delinquency as a result of poor or faulty socialization or upbringing
Social Process Theory
This theory was introduced by Albert Bandura, it assumes that people are born with no tendency to commit crimes but that they learn to be aggressive through their life experiences
Social Learning Theory
Edwin H. Sutherland introduced this theory in the late 1930’s. He was one of the first to state that criminal behavior was the result of normal social process resulting when individuals associated with the wrong type of people, often by no fault on their part
Differential Association Theory
It is the process by which individuals experience and anticipate the consequences of their behavior.
Differential Reinforcement Theory
Richard Cloward and Loyd E. Ohlin (1960) argue that to understand the different forms of delinquent and criminal behavior can take, we must consider the different types of illegitimate opportunities available to those who seek a way out of the underclass and where these opportunities lead.
Differential Opportunity Theory
David Matza and Gresham Syke view the process of becoming a criminal as a learning experience in which potential delinquents and criminals master techniques. This enables them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional values due to subterranean values
Neutralization Theory
This theory suggests that the social order is created by adults for adults Children are forced to conform to this order, despite their possible reluctance, because they lack the power to create meaningful social change.
Differential Oppression Theory
It contends that society labels certain people as deviant, and the selected people accepted the label, thus becoming deviant. When a person cominits a crime, there is no automatic process that labels the person a criminal
Labeling Theory
These theories maintain that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modem societies present many opportunities for illegal activities. It also views that crime takes place when social control or bonds to society break down. “Why people do not commit crime?”
Social Control Theory
Walter Reckless theory sought to explain why despite the various push and pull factors that may tempt individuals into criminal behavior, most people resist the pressures and remain law-abiding citizens
Containment Theory
Travis Hirschi emphasized that social control is about the role of the social relationships that bind people to the social order and prevent antisocial behavior
Social Bond and Self-control Theory
They hold that delinquent behavior is a product of economic inequality
Social Conflict Theories
Richard Quinney and William Chambliss, theory is based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are social and economic forces operating within the society.
Class Conflict Theory
Developmental Views of Delinquency
- Individual-Level Risk Factors
- Social Factors
- Community Factors
A large number of individual factors and characteristics have been associated with the development of juvenile delinquency
Individual-Level Risk Factors
